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AP PSYCH > U2: Biological Bases of Behavior (8-10%) > Flashcards

U2: Biological Bases of Behavior (8-10%) Flashcards

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1
Q

define CONSCIOUSNESS

A

brain’s processing of info and experience and processing of external world and self

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2
Q

what things can alter consciousness

A

drugs, hypnosis, sleep, and injury

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3
Q

define PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS

A

chemical substances altering perception and moods

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4
Q

what are the symptoms of substance use disorder

A
  • hazardous use
  • diminished social function
  • diminished control
  • drug action
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5
Q

list characteristics of diminished control in drug use

A
  • cravings
  • need more to get high
  • can’t stop
  • time consumed searching for drug
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6
Q

list characteristics of diminished social function during drug use

A
  • disrupt school and work
  • disrupt home life
  • isolation
  • continue use despite social problems
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7
Q

define hazardous use in in drug use

A

continue to take substance despite physical and psychological harm

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8
Q

list characteristics of drug action in substance abuse

A
  • need more to get high
  • built up tolerance
  • withdrawls
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9
Q

define SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS (SUD)

A

disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant disruption and physical harm

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10
Q

define TOLERANCE

A

diminished effect w/regular use of same dose and need large dose for same effect

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11
Q

define WITHDRAWL

A

discomfort and distress following discontinuation of addicting drug/behavior

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12
Q

what are the 3 theories relating to drugs

A
  • neurological
  • cognitive-behavior
  • family systems
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13
Q

describe the neurological theory of drug use

A

chemical imbalances lead to addiction

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14
Q

describe the cognitive-behavior theory of drug use

A

negative thoughts and learned behaviors lead to addictive actions

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15
Q

describe the family systems theory of drug use

A

unhealthy family rules and interactions lead to addiction to cope w/family dynamics

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16
Q

what two parts of the brain are responsible for consciousness

A

frontal lobe and limbic system

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17
Q

define DEPRESSANTS

A

substances that depress neural activity and slow body functions

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18
Q

list types of depressants (general group names)

A
  • barbiturates
  • opiates
  • alcohol
  • benzodiazepines
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19
Q

define BARBITURATES

A

depressant decreasing CNS and anxiety while impairing memory and judgement

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20
Q

give an example of a barbiturate

A

tranquilizer

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21
Q

give an example of opiates

A

heroin

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22
Q

give an example of benzodiazepines

A

xanax

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23
Q

define OPIATES

A

depressant that decreases neural activity, pain, and activity

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24
Q

define BENZIODIAZEPINES

A

depressant that treats anxiety, insomnia, and seizures

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25
Q

define STIMULANTS

A

substances that increase neural activity and body functions

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26
Q

what effects does cocaine produce

A

increase alertness and euphoria

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27
Q

what effects do amphetamines produce

A

energy and mood changes

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28
Q

what effects does caffeine produce

A

euphoria and social intimacy

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29
Q

list examples of stimulants

A
  • nicotine
  • cocaine
  • ecstasy
  • caffeine
  • amphetamines
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30
Q

define HALLUCINOGENS

A

psychedelic substances distorting perceptions and evoke sensory images w/o sensory input

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31
Q

give examples of hallucinogens

A
  • LSD/acid
  • marijuana
  • spice
  • shrooms
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32
Q

define SLEEP

A

periodic, natural loss of waking consciousness distinct from unconsciousness of coma, anesthesia, or hibernation

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33
Q

define CIRCADIAN RHYTHM

A

biological clock regulating bodily rhythms occuring on 24 hour cycle

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34
Q

define SLEEP CYCLES

A

brain makes different waves of activity depending on consciousness

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35
Q

what brain waves are exhibited when awak

A

waking alpha and beta

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36
Q

describe waking beta waves

A

brain waves when alert and focused; waves are short and bursting with activiy

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37
Q

describe waking alpha waves

A

brains when awake but relaxed and brain activity calms

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38
Q

describe NREM1 sleep

A
  • light sleep
  • theta waves
  • easily woken
  • may experience hypnagogic sensations
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39
Q

define SLEEP SPINDLES

A

bursts of brain activity during sleep

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40
Q

describe NREM 2 sleep

A
  • sleep spindles
  • theta waves slow
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41
Q

describe NREM 3 Sleep

A
  • theta waves become delta waves
  • deeper sleep
  • experience parasomnias
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42
Q

what are the sleep brain waves

A

theta and delta waves

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43
Q

describe NREM4 sleep

A
  • deepest sleep
  • large delta waves
  • difficult to wake
  • release growth hormone
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44
Q

define HYPNAGOGIC SENSATIONS

A

bizarre experiences while transitioning to sleep of falling/floating

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45
Q

describe REM sleep

A
  • final stage of sleep
  • dreams
  • eyes rapidly move and bodily paralyzes
  • vitals and breathing similar to awake state
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46
Q

what does REM stand for

A

rapid eye movement

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47
Q

what regulates the circadian rhythm

A

hypothalamus

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48
Q

define SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS

A

cell clusters in hypothalamus controlling circadian rhythm via melatonin prduction/restriction in response to light

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49
Q

list the 4 sleep theories

A
  • energy conservation
  • restorative
  • brain plasticity
  • inactivity
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50
Q

describe the inactivity sleep theory

A

sleep for safety and protection

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51
Q

describe the restorative sleep theory

A

sleep promotes healing and immune function and growth

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52
Q

describe the brain plasticity theory

A

sleep promotes creativity and memory consolidation

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53
Q

describe the energy conservation sleep theory

A

sleep to save energy for when work is impractical

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54
Q

define SLEEP DEBT

A

build up of lack of sleep affecting physical and psychological health

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55
Q

how much of our lives is spent sleeping

A

1/3 lives

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56
Q

how many hours of sleep do people generally get if they sleep uninterrupted

A

9 hours

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57
Q

how many MVAs are caused by driving drowsy

A

1/6

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58
Q

describe the change in hunger hormones with lack of sleep

A
  • ghrelin increases and leptin decreases
  • cortisol increases and body stores fat leading to obesity
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59
Q

describe INSOMNIA

A

most common sleep disorder with recurring problems falling/staying asleep caused by stress regarding sleep

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60
Q

chronic insomnia leads to

A

depression and anxiety

61
Q

what is physiologically activated in people who have insomnia at night

A

SNS

62
Q

describe NARCOLEPSY

A

uncontrollable sleep attacks at inopportune times often triggered by emotions

63
Q

what can happen if someone with narcolepsy falls into REM sleep

A

paralysis

64
Q

t/f: narcolepsy has genetic root

A

true

65
Q

describe SLEEP APNEA

A

temporary stopping of breathing in sleep causing them to snore/snort to get air in

66
Q

describe NIGHT TERRORS

A

high arousal and terrified expressions in kids occurring in NREM3 sleep

67
Q

what things can happen during night terrors

A

sleep walking, sleep talking, pulse twice as fast, breathing twice as fast

68
Q

give examples of PARASOMNIAS

A

night terrors
- sleep walking
- sleep talking

69
Q

aka: sleep walking

A

somnambulism

70
Q

define DREAMS

A

sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through sleeping mind in REM sleep

71
Q

how much do we dreams in our lives

A

about 6 years of life

72
Q

list the dream theories

A
  • wish fulfillment
  • information processing
  • threat stimulation
  • activation synthesis
  • carl Jung’s theory of direct mental expression
73
Q

describe WISH FULFILLMENT dream theory

A

Freudian ideology where unconscious uses symbolic meanings to manifest dreams

74
Q

define MANIFEST CONTENT

A

symbolic and remembered storyline of dreams

75
Q

define LATENT CONTENT

A

underlying meaning of dream

76
Q

describe INFORMATION PROCESSING dream theory

A

dreams help combine and organize memories

77
Q

according to the information processing theory, what happens if someone is deprived of REM sleep

A

extremely poor memory consolidation

78
Q

describe the THREAT STIMULATION dream theory

A

dreams stimulate stressful/confusing/threatening situations to practice response

79
Q

describe the ACTIVATION SYNTHESIS dream theory

A

unconscious part of brain active and conscious part tries to interpret it

80
Q

describe CARL JUNG’S THEORY OF DIRECT MENTAL EXPRESSION

A

brain trying to express incongruencies in conscious and unconscious minds to anticipate future

81
Q

list common themes regarding sleep

A
  • 8 in 10 dreams have 1 negative emotion
  • failing in attempt to do something
  • being attacked/pursued/rejected
  • experience misfortune
  • sex dreams are less common than thought
82
Q

what are the 3 types of altered state of consciousness

A

spontaneous, physiologically induced, psychologically induced

83
Q

give examples of spontaneous consciousness

A

daydreaming, dreaming, drowsiness, sleep

84
Q

list causes of physiologically induced consciousness

A
  • hallucinations
  • orgasms
  • food/oxygen deprivation
  • drugs
85
Q

list causes of psychologically induced consciousness

A
  • sensory deprivation
  • hypnosis
  • meditation
86
Q

what are the theories of hypnosis

A

social phenomenon and divided consciousness

87
Q

describe the SOCIAL PHENOMENON theory of hypnosis

A

hypnosis is socially influenced where the participant expected to act hypnotized and acts accordingly

88
Q

describe the DIVIDED CONSCIOUSNESS theory of hypnosis

A

hypnosis splits participants’ consciousness causing a dream like state

89
Q

what were the two initial models of neuropsychology

A

locomotive and distributed

90
Q

what is the locomotive model

A

specific region of brain has specific function

91
Q

what is the distributed model

A

different regions of brain work together to produce specific function

92
Q

define ANATOMICAL CONNECTIVITY

A

2 adjacent parts of brain communicating to each other

93
Q

define FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY

A

parts of brain communicating and not adjacent to each other

94
Q

define LESION

A

tissue diestruction causing disruption in brain function and communication

95
Q

what are two ways the brain is studied

A

lesions and stimulation

96
Q

define STIMULATION in relation to studying the brain

A

activate electrically/chemically/magnetically and see what happens

97
Q

describe a POSITION EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) scan

A

detects where radioactive form of glucose goes when brain does a specific task

98
Q

describe a CT scan

A

combines multiple angles to form 1 picture

99
Q

define a MEG scan

A

uses a magnetic field to see electrical activity

100
Q

define a MRI

A

single snapshot using magnetic fields and radiowaves

101
Q

define NEURON

A

basic cell making up nervous system

102
Q

define SOMA

A

cell body of neuron responsible for life of cell

103
Q

define DENDRITES

A

branch like structures receiving messages from other neurons

104
Q

define AXON

A

carries neural messages away from soma

105
Q

define MYELIN

A

fatty substance insulating & protecting neuron and speeding up impulse

106
Q

define NUCLEUS

A

central processing hub of neuron with genetic info

107
Q

t/f: neurons have an all or nothing response

A

true

108
Q

define REUPTAKE

A

sending neuron reabsorbs any neurotransmitter left in synapse

109
Q

define GLIAL CELLS

A

support and grow neuron and get rid of waste

110
Q

define NEUROTRANSMITTERS

A

chemical messengers crossing cleft that creates action potential of next neuron

111
Q

acetylcholine aids in

A

muscle action, earning, memory

112
Q

lack of acetylcholine is associated with

A

alzheimer’s

113
Q

dopamine aids in

A

movement, learning, attention, emotion

114
Q

excess of dopamine causes

A

schizophrenia

115
Q

lack of dopamine leads to

A

parkinson’s

116
Q

serotonin aids in

A

mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal

117
Q

too little serotonin leads to

A

depression

118
Q

too little norepinephrine leads to

A

depressed mood

119
Q

define GABA

A

major inhibitor linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia in too little amounts

120
Q

endorphins are responsible for

A

perception of pain and pleasure

121
Q

glutamate aids in

A

memory

122
Q

too much glutamate leads to

A

migraines/seizures

123
Q

define INTERNEURONS

A

connects sensory and motor neurons with other neurons within CNS

124
Q

define MIRROR NEURON

A

brain cell that response the same to given action whether they are doing it or watching it

125
Q

the brain stem is responsible for

A

balance, BP, swallowing, breathing, facial sensation, hearing, heart rhythm

126
Q

list the parts of the brain stem

A

reticular formation, thalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

127
Q

the pons is responsible for

A

facial movement, hearing, balance

128
Q

the medulla oblongata is responsible for

A

regulate breathing/heart rhythm/swallowing/BP

129
Q

injury to the brain stem is characterized by

A
  • balance problems/dizziness
  • inability to gag/cough
  • insomnia/sleep disruption
  • nausea/vomiting
  • slurred speech
  • stroke symptoms
  • sudden difficulty swallowing/drinking/eating
130
Q

define CEREBRAL CORTEX

A

complex interconnected neural cells covering both hemispheres acting as control and info processing center

131
Q

s/s of frontal lobe injury

A
  • declining intelligence
  • memory loss
  • personality changes
  • change in decision making
  • change in motor skills
132
Q

what are the parts of the limbic system

A

hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus

133
Q

the cingulate gyrus is responsible for

A

pain, emotion, and conscious response to unwanted experiences

134
Q

s/s temporal lobe injury

A

epilepsy, aphasia, personality change, poor memory, change in autonomic function

135
Q

define DUAL PROCESSING

A

principle that info simultaneously processes on conscious and unconscious tracks

136
Q

define PARALLEL PROCESSING

A

conscious processing many aspects simultaneously to process well-learned info and easy tasks

137
Q

define SEQUENTIAL PROCESSING

A

consciously process one aspect at a time for new info and learning difficult tasks

138
Q

define SPLIT BRAIN PHENOMENON

A

process info on opposite hemispheres

139
Q

define BEHAVIOR GENETICS

A

study of relative power and limits of genetics and environmental influences on behavior

140
Q

define HEREDITY

A

genetic transfer of characteristics

141
Q

define ENVIRONMENT

A

all nongenetic influences including prenatal nutrition to people and things around you

142
Q

define CHROMOSOMES

A

threadlike structures of DNA containing genes

143
Q

define DNA

A

genetic info making up chromsomes

144
Q

define GENES

A

biochemical units of heredity making up chromosomes

145
Q

define GENOMES

A

complete instructions to make organism

146
Q

define PHENOMES

A

manifested physical and behavioral traits of organism

147
Q

define HERITABILITY

A

proportion of variation among individuals in group attributes to genes

148
Q

define EPIGENETICS

A

study of environmental influences on gene expression w/o DNA change

149
Q

define EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY

A

study of evolution of behavior and mind using principles of natural selection

AP PSYCH (12 decks)

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