U2: Biological Bases of Behavior (8-10%) Flashcards
define CONSCIOUSNESS
brain’s processing of info and experience and processing of external world and self
what things can alter consciousness
drugs, hypnosis, sleep, and injury
define PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS
chemical substances altering perception and moods
what are the symptoms of substance use disorder
- hazardous use
- diminished social function
- diminished control
- drug action
list characteristics of diminished control in drug use
- cravings
- need more to get high
- can’t stop
- time consumed searching for drug
list characteristics of diminished social function during drug use
- disrupt school and work
- disrupt home life
- isolation
- continue use despite social problems
define hazardous use in in drug use
continue to take substance despite physical and psychological harm
list characteristics of drug action in substance abuse
- need more to get high
- built up tolerance
- withdrawls
define SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS (SUD)
disorder characterized by continued substance craving and use despite significant disruption and physical harm
define TOLERANCE
diminished effect w/regular use of same dose and need large dose for same effect
define WITHDRAWL
discomfort and distress following discontinuation of addicting drug/behavior
what are the 3 theories relating to drugs
- neurological
- cognitive-behavior
- family systems
describe the neurological theory of drug use
chemical imbalances lead to addiction
describe the cognitive-behavior theory of drug use
negative thoughts and learned behaviors lead to addictive actions
describe the family systems theory of drug use
unhealthy family rules and interactions lead to addiction to cope w/family dynamics
what two parts of the brain are responsible for consciousness
frontal lobe and limbic system
define DEPRESSANTS
substances that depress neural activity and slow body functions
list types of depressants (general group names)
- barbiturates
- opiates
- alcohol
- benzodiazepines
define BARBITURATES
depressant decreasing CNS and anxiety while impairing memory and judgement
give an example of a barbiturate
tranquilizer
give an example of opiates
heroin
give an example of benzodiazepines
xanax
define OPIATES
depressant that decreases neural activity, pain, and activity
define BENZIODIAZEPINES
depressant that treats anxiety, insomnia, and seizures
define STIMULANTS
substances that increase neural activity and body functions
what effects does cocaine produce
increase alertness and euphoria
what effects do amphetamines produce
energy and mood changes
what effects does caffeine produce
euphoria and social intimacy
list examples of stimulants
- nicotine
- cocaine
- ecstasy
- caffeine
- amphetamines
define HALLUCINOGENS
psychedelic substances distorting perceptions and evoke sensory images w/o sensory input
give examples of hallucinogens
- LSD/acid
- marijuana
- spice
- shrooms
define SLEEP
periodic, natural loss of waking consciousness distinct from unconsciousness of coma, anesthesia, or hibernation
define CIRCADIAN RHYTHM
biological clock regulating bodily rhythms occuring on 24 hour cycle
define SLEEP CYCLES
brain makes different waves of activity depending on consciousness
what brain waves are exhibited when awak
waking alpha and beta
describe waking beta waves
brain waves when alert and focused; waves are short and bursting with activiy
describe waking alpha waves
brains when awake but relaxed and brain activity calms
describe NREM1 sleep
- light sleep
- theta waves
- easily woken
- may experience hypnagogic sensations
define SLEEP SPINDLES
bursts of brain activity during sleep
describe NREM 2 sleep
- sleep spindles
- theta waves slow
describe NREM 3 Sleep
- theta waves become delta waves
- deeper sleep
- experience parasomnias
what are the sleep brain waves
theta and delta waves
describe NREM4 sleep
- deepest sleep
- large delta waves
- difficult to wake
- release growth hormone
define HYPNAGOGIC SENSATIONS
bizarre experiences while transitioning to sleep of falling/floating
describe REM sleep
- final stage of sleep
- dreams
- eyes rapidly move and bodily paralyzes
- vitals and breathing similar to awake state
what does REM stand for
rapid eye movement
what regulates the circadian rhythm
hypothalamus
define SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS
cell clusters in hypothalamus controlling circadian rhythm via melatonin prduction/restriction in response to light
list the 4 sleep theories
- energy conservation
- restorative
- brain plasticity
- inactivity
describe the inactivity sleep theory
sleep for safety and protection
describe the restorative sleep theory
sleep promotes healing and immune function and growth
describe the brain plasticity theory
sleep promotes creativity and memory consolidation
describe the energy conservation sleep theory
sleep to save energy for when work is impractical
define SLEEP DEBT
build up of lack of sleep affecting physical and psychological health
how much of our lives is spent sleeping
1/3 lives
how many hours of sleep do people generally get if they sleep uninterrupted
9 hours
how many MVAs are caused by driving drowsy
1/6
describe the change in hunger hormones with lack of sleep
- ghrelin increases and leptin decreases
- cortisol increases and body stores fat leading to obesity
describe INSOMNIA
most common sleep disorder with recurring problems falling/staying asleep caused by stress regarding sleep
chronic insomnia leads to
depression and anxiety
what is physiologically activated in people who have insomnia at night
SNS
describe NARCOLEPSY
uncontrollable sleep attacks at inopportune times often triggered by emotions
what can happen if someone with narcolepsy falls into REM sleep
paralysis
t/f: narcolepsy has genetic root
true
describe SLEEP APNEA
temporary stopping of breathing in sleep causing them to snore/snort to get air in
describe NIGHT TERRORS
high arousal and terrified expressions in kids occurring in NREM3 sleep
what things can happen during night terrors
sleep walking, sleep talking, pulse twice as fast, breathing twice as fast
give examples of PARASOMNIAS
night terrors
- sleep walking
- sleep talking
aka: sleep walking
somnambulism
define DREAMS
sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through sleeping mind in REM sleep
how much do we dreams in our lives
about 6 years of life
list the dream theories
- wish fulfillment
- information processing
- threat stimulation
- activation synthesis
- carl Jung’s theory of direct mental expression
describe WISH FULFILLMENT dream theory
Freudian ideology where unconscious uses symbolic meanings to manifest dreams
define MANIFEST CONTENT
symbolic and remembered storyline of dreams
define LATENT CONTENT
underlying meaning of dream
describe INFORMATION PROCESSING dream theory
dreams help combine and organize memories
according to the information processing theory, what happens if someone is deprived of REM sleep
extremely poor memory consolidation
describe the THREAT STIMULATION dream theory
dreams stimulate stressful/confusing/threatening situations to practice response
describe the ACTIVATION SYNTHESIS dream theory
unconscious part of brain active and conscious part tries to interpret it
describe CARL JUNG’S THEORY OF DIRECT MENTAL EXPRESSION
brain trying to express incongruencies in conscious and unconscious minds to anticipate future
list common themes regarding sleep
- 8 in 10 dreams have 1 negative emotion
- failing in attempt to do something
- being attacked/pursued/rejected
- experience misfortune
- sex dreams are less common than thought
what are the 3 types of altered state of consciousness
spontaneous, physiologically induced, psychologically induced
give examples of spontaneous consciousness
daydreaming, dreaming, drowsiness, sleep
list causes of physiologically induced consciousness
- hallucinations
- orgasms
- food/oxygen deprivation
- drugs
list causes of psychologically induced consciousness
- sensory deprivation
- hypnosis
- meditation
what are the theories of hypnosis
social phenomenon and divided consciousness
describe the SOCIAL PHENOMENON theory of hypnosis
hypnosis is socially influenced where the participant expected to act hypnotized and acts accordingly
describe the DIVIDED CONSCIOUSNESS theory of hypnosis
hypnosis splits participants’ consciousness causing a dream like state
what were the two initial models of neuropsychology
locomotive and distributed
what is the locomotive model
specific region of brain has specific function
what is the distributed model
different regions of brain work together to produce specific function
define ANATOMICAL CONNECTIVITY
2 adjacent parts of brain communicating to each other
define FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY
parts of brain communicating and not adjacent to each other
define LESION
tissue diestruction causing disruption in brain function and communication
what are two ways the brain is studied
lesions and stimulation
define STIMULATION in relation to studying the brain
activate electrically/chemically/magnetically and see what happens
describe a POSITION EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) scan
detects where radioactive form of glucose goes when brain does a specific task
describe a CT scan
combines multiple angles to form 1 picture
define a MEG scan
uses a magnetic field to see electrical activity
define a MRI
single snapshot using magnetic fields and radiowaves
define NEURON
basic cell making up nervous system
define SOMA
cell body of neuron responsible for life of cell
define DENDRITES
branch like structures receiving messages from other neurons
define AXON
carries neural messages away from soma
define MYELIN
fatty substance insulating & protecting neuron and speeding up impulse
define NUCLEUS
central processing hub of neuron with genetic info
t/f: neurons have an all or nothing response
true
define REUPTAKE
sending neuron reabsorbs any neurotransmitter left in synapse
define GLIAL CELLS
support and grow neuron and get rid of waste
define NEUROTRANSMITTERS
chemical messengers crossing cleft that creates action potential of next neuron
acetylcholine aids in
muscle action, earning, memory
lack of acetylcholine is associated with
alzheimer’s
dopamine aids in
movement, learning, attention, emotion
excess of dopamine causes
schizophrenia
lack of dopamine leads to
parkinson’s
serotonin aids in
mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
too little serotonin leads to
depression
too little norepinephrine leads to
depressed mood
define GABA
major inhibitor linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia in too little amounts
endorphins are responsible for
perception of pain and pleasure
glutamate aids in
memory
too much glutamate leads to
migraines/seizures
define INTERNEURONS
connects sensory and motor neurons with other neurons within CNS
define MIRROR NEURON
brain cell that response the same to given action whether they are doing it or watching it
the brain stem is responsible for
balance, BP, swallowing, breathing, facial sensation, hearing, heart rhythm
list the parts of the brain stem
reticular formation, thalamus, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
the pons is responsible for
facial movement, hearing, balance
the medulla oblongata is responsible for
regulate breathing/heart rhythm/swallowing/BP
injury to the brain stem is characterized by
- balance problems/dizziness
- inability to gag/cough
- insomnia/sleep disruption
- nausea/vomiting
- slurred speech
- stroke symptoms
- sudden difficulty swallowing/drinking/eating
define CEREBRAL CORTEX
complex interconnected neural cells covering both hemispheres acting as control and info processing center
s/s of frontal lobe injury
- declining intelligence
- memory loss
- personality changes
- change in decision making
- change in motor skills
what are the parts of the limbic system
hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus
the cingulate gyrus is responsible for
pain, emotion, and conscious response to unwanted experiences
s/s temporal lobe injury
epilepsy, aphasia, personality change, poor memory, change in autonomic function
define DUAL PROCESSING
principle that info simultaneously processes on conscious and unconscious tracks
define PARALLEL PROCESSING
conscious processing many aspects simultaneously to process well-learned info and easy tasks
define SEQUENTIAL PROCESSING
consciously process one aspect at a time for new info and learning difficult tasks
define SPLIT BRAIN PHENOMENON
process info on opposite hemispheres
define BEHAVIOR GENETICS
study of relative power and limits of genetics and environmental influences on behavior
define HEREDITY
genetic transfer of characteristics
define ENVIRONMENT
all nongenetic influences including prenatal nutrition to people and things around you
define CHROMOSOMES
threadlike structures of DNA containing genes
define DNA
genetic info making up chromsomes
define GENES
biochemical units of heredity making up chromosomes
define GENOMES
complete instructions to make organism
define PHENOMES
manifested physical and behavioral traits of organism
define HERITABILITY
proportion of variation among individuals in group attributes to genes
define EPIGENETICS
study of environmental influences on gene expression w/o DNA change
define EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY
study of evolution of behavior and mind using principles of natural selection
