U5: Cognitive (13-17%) Flashcards
define ACHIEVEMENT TEST
test to assess what taker has learned
define APTITUDE TESTS
test to predict future performance/capacity to learn
define CONTENT VALIDITY
extent which test samples behavior being studied
define DOWN SYNDROME
mild to severe intellectual disability & associated physical disorders because of extra 21st chromosome
define EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
ability to perceive, understand, manage, & use emotions
define FACTOR ANALYSIS
stats procedure to identify clusters of related items & different dimensions of performance leading to person’s score on test
define GENERAL INTELLIGENCE
factor underlying mental abilities & measured by every task on intelligence test
define INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
limited mental ability w/IQ score of less than 70 and difficulty adapting to life
define INTELLIGENCE
mental quality of ability to learn, problem solve, & adapt based on knowledge
define INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT
scores to relative performance either below or above average of 100 for age group
what is the formula for IQ
(score/age) x 100
define INTELLIGENCE TEST
test to assess mental aptitude and compare w/others numerically
define MENTAL AGE
chronological age typically corresponding to level of performance
define NORMAL CURVE
symmetrical bell-shaped curve where most data is near the mean
define PREDICTIVE VALIDITY
success test predicts behavior designed to assess by computing correlation between scores and criterion behavior
aka: criterion-related validity
predictive validity
define RELIABILITY
how well test yields consistent results by consistency of scores on 2 halves of test/alternative forms of test/retesting
define SAVANT SYNDROME
condition where person w/limited mental ability has exceptional, specifical skill
define STANFORD-BINET
widely popular American revision of Binet’s intelligence test
define STEREOTYPE THREAT
self-confirming concern someone will be evaluated based on negative stereotype
define VALIDITY
extent test measures/predicts accurately
define WAIS
most popular intelligence test w/verbal & nonverbal subtest
what does WAIS stand for
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
what is the gen value for standard deviation
15
describe spearman’s general intelligence theory
there is 1 intelligence and g factor predicts ability & intelligence
what is the con to spearman’s intelligence theory
human abilities too diverse to narrow to g factor
what are the cons to Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory
is it intelligence or talent?
define Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory
there are 8 intelligences
what are the 8 intelligences of Gardner’s multiple intelligence
naturalist, linguistic, spatial, body-kinesthetic, logical-mathematical, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal
aka: sternberg’s 3 intelligence theory
triarchic theory
what are the three intelligences of sternberg’s theory
analytical, creative, practical
what is the pro of gardner’s intelligence theory
demonstrates intelligence more than verbal and math
define analytical intelligence relating to sternberg’s theory
academic & problem solving, convergent thinking
define creative intelligence relating to sternberg’s theory
innovative & adaptable, divergent thinking
define practical intelligence relating to sternberg’s theory
everyday tasks poorly defined, “street smarts”
what is the pro of sternberg’s theory
it can be reliably measured
what is the con of sternberg’s theory
may share underlying g factor and require additional testing to predict success
define CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE
accumulated knowledge & skills
define FLUID INTELLIGENCE
reason speedily & abstractly
what is the pro of thurstone’s theory
informative
what is the con of thurstone’s theory
tendency to cluster showing underlying g factor
how many factors are in thurstone’s theory
7
what are the factors of thurstone’s theory
word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, memory
define EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
think about and use emotions to improve decision making and social situations
what are some components/factors of anatomy that can lead to intelligence
- ample gray & white matter
- some lobes larger than other
define SHARED ENVIRONMENT
environmental factors experienced by all relevant members of family
define NONSHARED ENVIRONMENT
environmental factors not experienced by members of family
define STANDARDIZED TESTING
uniform testing to get general idea of population
define FLYNN EFFECT
increase in fluid and crystallized intelligence over generations
define STEREOTYPE THREAT
self-confirming concern they will be evaluated based on negative stereotype
list the order of range of intelligence
- intellectual disability
- average intelligence
- genius
- AI
what are the types of intellectual demands
conceptual, social, & practical
define conceptual skills in relation to intellectual demands
language, literacy, concepts/time
define social skills in relation to intellectual demands
interpersonal skills, social responsibility, and follow basic rules
define practical skills in relation to intellectual demands
daily personal care, occupational skills, travel, and healthcare
list some examples of intellectual disability
autism, down syndrome, apert syndrome, FASD
define PRODIGY
person of normal intelligence w/extraordinary talent
define ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
any artificial system capable of human-like solving/intelligent response
define MEMORY
learning over time thru encoding, storage, and retrieval
define RECALL
retrieve info w/o external cues
define RECOGNITION
measure of memory where person identifies items previously learned
define RELEARNING
assess amount of time saved when relearning material
what are the parts of the information processing model
encoding, storage, retrieval
what are the components of the 3 stage processing model
sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory, working memory
define WORKING MEMORY
short term memory pulling from both long and short term memory to deal w/present and facilitates memory as a whole
define SENSORY MEMORY
immediate brief recording of senses
describe how the 3 stage processing model work
external info is picked up by sensory memory, info moves to working memory, info is moved to shorted term, then long term
describe the attention model
auditory info, visual info, and long term memory feed into central executive which then acts back on them
define EXPLICIT MEMORY
facts & experiences memorized that can be declared
aka: explicit memory
declarative memory
aka: implicit memory
non-declarative memory
define IMPLICT MEMORY
learned skills/classically conditioned associations
define ICONIC MEMORY
momentary sensory visual memory
define ECHOIC MEMORY
momentary auditory memory
define EFFORTFUL PROCESSING
encoding needs attention and effort
define AUTOMATIC PROCESSING
unconscious encoding of space, time, and frequency
define MEMORY CONSOLIDATION
process of moving short-term to long term during sleep
what are effortful processing methods
chunking, mnemonics, testing effect, spacing effect, hiearchy
define CHUNKING
grouping of items to remember
define MNEMONICS
memory aids
define TESTING EFFECT
memory is enhanced after retrieving
define HIEARCHY
broad concepts are subdivided into narrower facts
define SPACING EFFECT
long term study is better than cramming
define SHALLOW PROCESSING
encoding on basic levels based on appearance and structure
define DEEP PROCESSING
encoding by meaning for best retention
define SELF-REFERENCE
most ppl excel at personally relevant info memorizations
what are the 2 types of prospective memory
event-based and time-based
define EVENT-BASED MEMORY
remember to do actions when events happen
define TIME-BASED MEMORY
remembrance triggered by time cues
components of explicit memory?
semantic and episodic memory
define SEMANTIC MEMORY
memories of gen knowledge/facts
define EPISODIC MEMORY
personal experience and events
what are the parts of the brain involved with explicit memroy
frontal lobe and hippocampus
what part of the brain is responsible for semantic memory
left prefrontal cortex
what is the “loading dock” for memory
hippocampus
what part of the brain is responsible for episodic memory
right prefrontal cortex
describe IMPLICIT MEMORY
unconscious memory that uses evolutionarily older parts of the brain
what are the parts of the brain involved in implicit memory?
basal ganglia and cerebellum
define AMYGDALA
component of limbic system involved in emotion, especially fear and anger
define FLASHBULB MEMORY
clear, sustained memory of emotionally significant event
define LONG TERM POTENTIATION
increase in neuron firing causing efficient neuron firing which enhances memory
define ENCODING SPECIFICITY
cues and context of when memory first formed makes you more likely to remember when presented w/same cues
define STATE-DEPENDENT LEARNING
memories formed in specific mood/state will be easier to remember when in same state
define RETRIEVAL FAILURE
struggling to remember
define SERIAL POSITION EFFECT
information at beginning and end will most likely to be remembered
define PRIMACY EFFECT
most likely to remember info at the beginning
define RECENCY EFFECT
most likely to remember info at end
define FALSE POSITIVE
recognition error where we think we recognize something not in our memory
aka: deja vu
false positive
define MISINFORMATION EFFECT
tendency of misleading info given after incident to alter memory
list reasons for retrieval failure
- never encoded
- memory decays
- brain can’t find it in memory
what are the components of interference theory
proactive interference & retroactive interference
define PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
old info interferes w/remembering new info
define RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE
new info interferes w/remembering old info
define COGNITION
mental activity in brain when organizing and understanding info and communicating w/others
what are the components of cognition
thinking, memory, language, creativity, and problem solving
define CONCEPT
mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people
define PROTOTYPE
mental image/best example of idea/category
define CREATIVITY
ability to produce new and valuable ideas
define MENTAL SYNTHESIS THEORY
multiple neuronal ensembles firing together to create new mental images/ideas/concepts
define NEURONAL ENSEMBLE
connection of neurons that create mental concepts
define DIVERGENT THINKING
one point leads to multiple possibilities
define CONVERGENT THINKING
all processes lead to one solution
define PROBLEM SOLVING
process of cognition occuring when goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways
what are the different problem solving strategies
- trial and error
- heuristics
- algorithms
- insight
define ALGORITHM
specific step-by-step procedure when followed leads to correct solution
define HEURISTICS
educated guess based on prior experiences that narrow down possible solutions for a problem
define INSIGHT
sudden understanding be problem similar to one experienced before causing sudden solution
list things that cause problems when problem solving
- functional fixedness
- fixation
- confirmation bias
- mental set
- overconfidence
- belief perseverance
- framing
define FUNCTIONAL FIXEDNESS
thinking about objects only in typical function
define FIXATION
inability to see problem from new perspective
define CONFIRMATION BIAS
tendency to search for info supporting our bias/preconceptions and ignore contradictions
define MENTAL SET
tendency to approach problem with specific method especially if it was successful in the past
define OVERCONFIDENCE
tendency to be more confident than correct and overestimate accuracy of beliefs
define BELIEF PERSEVERANCE
clinging to initial conceptions after bias formed was discredited
define FRAMING
way issue is posed can significantly affect decisions
define LANGUAGE
spoken/signed words and ways we combine to communicate meaning
list the four components of language
discreetness, grammar, productivity, and displacement
define DISCREETNESS
individual sounds/words combined into ideas
define PHONEMES
smallest distinctive sounds
define MORPHEMES
smallest unit carrying meaning
define GRAMMAR
system of rules on how to combine units
define PRODUCITIVITY
ability to use language to create infinite messages
define DISPLACEMENT
ability to talk about non-literal things
give examples of subjects that fall under displacement
past, future, fiction, feelings
define PARALLEL PROCESSING
brain pulls from many parts to make sense of world around you
define LINGUISTIC DETERMINISM
language controls ways we think and interpret the world
define LINGUISTIC INFLUENCE
language affects thought and world is relative to cultural language
define BILINGUAL PROCESSING
think differently depending on the language they speak
define BROCA’S AREA
part of brain helping control language expression
define WERNICKE’S AREA
part of brain involved in language comprehension
what parts of the brain facilitate language
broca’s area, wernicke’s area, prefrontal cortex
what is the purpose of the prefrontal cortex in relation to language
facilitate broca’s and wernicke’s area
