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AP PSYCH > U1: Scientific Foundations (10-14%) > Flashcards

U1: Scientific Foundations (10-14%) Flashcards

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1
Q

define PSYCHOLOGY

A

study of brain & functions leading to the mind & behavior

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2
Q

define THE MIND

A

private inner experiences of thought, perception, memories, & emotion

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3
Q

define BEHAVIOR

A

observable actions of human & non-human beings

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4
Q

define SCIENCE

A

something to observe/study/experiment

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5
Q

define EMPIRICISM

A

idea knowledge comes from experience & science therefore only rely on observation & experiments

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6
Q

the 3 early domains are also referred to as what

A

3 schools of thought

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7
Q

what are the 3 schools of thought

A

structuralism, functionalism, & behaviorism

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8
Q

define FUNCTIONALISM

A

studying functioning of mind & reason to explain observable behavior

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9
Q

define STRUCTURALISM

A

studying structure of mind’s basic elements & mental processes

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10
Q

define BEHAVIORISM

A

behaviors learned through conditioning w/interactions w/environmental stimuli & psychology should be objective psychology by only studying observations

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11
Q

define PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY

A

created by Freud; unconscious mind shapes & influences behavior

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12
Q

what idea were Socrates & Plato known for

A

thoughts come from heart and is different from body

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13
Q

what idea was Descartes known for

A

introduces empiricism & thoughts are from brain

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14
Q

what was Wilhelm Wundt known for

A

structuralism & father of modern psychology

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15
Q

What idea was Edward Titchner known for

A

functionalism

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16
Q

idea were John Watson & Rosalie Rayner known for

A

behaviorism

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17
Q

What was BF Skinner known for

A

behaviorist that studied reward & punishment to shape behavior

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18
Q

What was Sigmund Freud known for

A

elevated psychology to more established science & psychodynamic theory

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19
Q

define NATURE V NURTURE

A

relative contribution genes & experience make to development of traits & behavior

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20
Q

define BEHAVIOR GENETICS

A

study of relative power & limits of genetic & environmental influences on behavior

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21
Q

define HEREDITY

A

genetic transfer of characteristics from parent to offspring

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22
Q

define ENVIRONMENT

A

every nongenetic influence

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23
Q

list the 8 perspectives of psychology

A
  • behavioral
  • biological
  • cognitive
  • evolutionary
  • humanistic
  • psychodynami
  • social-cultural
  • biopsychosocial
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24
Q

define BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH

A

views for analyzing behaviors from biological, psychological, & social/cultural

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25
Q

give examples of the biological view of the biopsychosocial approach

A

natural selection, genetics, hormones, neurology

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26
Q

give examples of the psychological view of the biopsychosocial approach

A

trauma, mental illness, learned behavior, perception

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27
Q

give examples of the sociocultural view of the biopsychosocial approach

A

religion, ethnicity, social circles, media, expectations

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28
Q

define SUBJECTIVE TRUTH

A

judgment understandable for some rational individuals but not reasonable for others

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29
Q

define OBJECTIVE TRUTH

A

truth independent from indiv’s perspective

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30
Q

define BIAS

A

prejudice in favor/against in a way that’s unfair

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31
Q

give examples of bias

A

money, religion, public perception, sex/race/ethnicity, politics, values

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32
Q

define VALUES

A

general beliefs about desirable/undesirable ways of behaving/goals or outcomes

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33
Q

give examples of values

A

religion, culture, philosophy, and learned experiences

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34
Q

define SCIENTIFIC LAW

A

description of observation but not explanation

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35
Q

define SCIENTIFIC THEORY

A

explains why by offering ideas to organize observations

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36
Q

define HYPOTHESIS

A

testable prediction gen implied by theory in a statement implying causation

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37
Q

define RANDOMNESS

A

apparent/actual lack of pattern

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38
Q

what is the difference between law & theory

A

law is what is happening but theory explains why

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39
Q

define FACTS

A

statements proven w/evidence & scientific studies

40
Q

define OPINION

A

personal judgment that cannot be proven but may be based on facts

41
Q

what are clues to identify an opinon?

A

should statements & value words

42
Q

give examples of value words

A

good, better, immoral, risky, best

43
Q

define RELIABILITY

A

degree test/experiment provides consistent measure

44
Q

define VALIDITY

A

extent test/experiment measures/predicts what it is supposed to

45
Q

define REPLICATION

A

repeating w/different groups of people in different situations

46
Q

define OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

A

carefully worded statement of procedures of study

47
Q

what are the 3 types of descriptive research?

A

case study, naturalistic observation, & survey

48
Q

define CASE STUDY

A

descriptive research method that is a study of specific individual/group in great detail

49
Q

define NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION

A

descriptive research that is observing & recording behavior in naturally occurring situations w/o trying to manipulate

50
Q

define SURVEY

A

descriptive research obtaining self-reported attitudes/behaviors of particular group gen by questioning random sample of population

51
Q

define CORRELATION

A

measure of relationship between 2 variables and how well 1 predicts the other

52
Q

define CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

A

statistical index/representation between 2 things to show relationship marked by number between -1, 0, & +1

53
Q

if the correlation coefficient is closer to -1 or +1, it is a ____ relationship

A

strong

54
Q

define EXPERIMENTATION

A

deliberate manipulation of variable to see if behavior changes to determine cause & effect between change & outcome

55
Q

define RANDOM ASSIGNMENT

A

randomly assigning to experiment & control groups to minimalize pre-existing difference & confounding variables

56
Q

define PLACEBO

A

results from expectations alone from receiving treatment

57
Q

define DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE

A

researcher & participants ignorant if received real or placebo

58
Q

define CONFOUNDING/LURKING VARIABLE

A

variable not being studied but may affect treatment

59
Q

define INTERNAL VALIDITY

A

accuracy of experiment

60
Q

define EXTERNAL VALIDITY

A

how well experiment can be applied to outside situations

61
Q

define DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

A

numerical data to measure & describe characteristics of group

62
Q

define INFERENTIAL STATISTICS

A

how we see how 1 group of variables is related to each other

63
Q

define STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE

A

how likely obtained result is due to chance

64
Q

define SKEWED

A

data lacks symmetry around average

65
Q

define STANDARD DEVIATION

A

measure how much scores vary around mean

66
Q

what are basic ideas/principles of the code of ethics regarding human experimentation?

A
  • must not create pain/discomfort/stress/anxiety
  • participant must give consent voluntarily
  • must inform participants enough to give consent
  • must debrief & give results to participant after study
  • must keep participant info confidential
  • participant may back out at anytime
  • research must be culturally sensitive
67
Q

What are the major drawbacks of hindsight bias understanding?

A

causes/spreads misinformation, leads to overconfidence, overestimate intuition

68
Q

What approach to understanding do scientists prefer & why?

A

scientific method/scientific attitude (?)

69
Q

describe the characteristics of a good theory

A
  • effectively organizes range of self-reports & observations
  • leads to a clear hypothesis that anyone can use to check theory
  • often stimulates research that leads to a revised theory
70
Q

Why are operational definitions important?

A

allow for replication of experiment

71
Q

What is a reliable measurement?

A

data is consistent

72
Q

list the five ethical principles in the American Psychological Association (APA) code of ethics

A

beneficence & nonmaleficence, fidelity & responsibility, integrity, justice, respect

73
Q

list the primary ethical principles for conducting research with humans

A
  • obtain informed consent
  • protect participants from physical/emotional harm/discomfort
  • keep participant’s info confidential
  • fully debrief after research
74
Q

what are the justifications & criticisms for research using animals

A

justification: leads to development of human technology, learn about humans
criticism: animal rights & welfare

75
Q

What is a case study? identify advantages & drawbacks

A

studying one person to observe phenomena; case studies only need 1 person and gen done when it is unethical to perform experiment on others but can be misleading bc it only uses one person

76
Q

How can the findings of case studies mislead us in everyday life?

A

uncontrolled variables, data can be incorrect if individual is atypical, lead to mistaken judgments/false conclusions

77
Q

what is the greatest advantage of naturalistic observation

A

can be done when not ethical to manipulate variables

78
Q

what biases can occur when conducting naturalistic observation

A

experimenter expectancy effect

79
Q

what are some advantages & disadvantages of survey research?

A

advantages: quick & inexpensive
disadvantage: word choice & sampling bias

80
Q

Why do researchers rely on random sampling

A

to rule out lurking variables

81
Q

What is the main goal of correlational research and how is it achieved

A

goal: see how two values relate to other
achieved: create scatter plot

82
Q

Why are we unable to draw casual conclusions from correlational findings

A

correlation does not equal causation, correlational relationships do not prove that it is the cause/directly related to something

83
Q

how can correlational research predict behavior

A

show likelihood/possibility of something happening based on the value of another factor

84
Q

Describe the logic of experimentation

A
  • start w/equivalent groups of participants
  • treat equally in all respects except for independent variable which is isolated & manipulated
  • measure how groups respond
85
Q

how does random assignment differ from random sampling

A
  • random assignment = dividing participants by chance into experimental & control groups
  • random sampling = sample that represents population for survey
86
Q

describe Rosenzweig’s experiment

A

male rats were separated into enriched & deprived environments for period of time before they were euthanized & their brain was measured for thickness, heaviness, synapses, and acetylcholine receptors

87
Q

why do researches manipulate two independent variables in the same experiment?

A

allows study of possible relationship of independent variables to each other

88
Q

why does experimenter expectancy effects lower the internal validity of experiments

A

causes bias in the way experimenter may treat participants

89
Q

How do researchers minimize experimenter expectancy effects?

A

double blind procedure

90
Q

as a critical thinker, what questions should you ask when someone makes a claim or assertion?

A
  • How do they know?
  • What is their agenda/
  • is the conclusion based on anecdote/intuition or evidence?
  • Does the evidence justify cause-effect conclusion?
  • Alternative explanations?
91
Q

Contrasts descriptive & inferential statistics

A
  • descriptive = data to measure & describe
  • inferential = how variables relate to each other
92
Q

in a normal curve, what % of cases should fall within 1 standard deviation on either side of mean

A

68%

93
Q

what are the benefits of correlational research

A

works w/large groups, can be done where experiment isn’t ethical/possible

94
Q

what are the benefits of experimental research

A

specifies cause & effect, variables controlled

95
Q

what are the cons of experimental research

A

sometimes not feasible, results may not generalize to other contexts, sometimes unethical to manipulate

AP PSYCH (12 decks)

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