U4: Learning (7-9%) Flashcards
define LEARNING
process of acquiring relatively enduring info/behavior through experiences
define STIMULUS
any event/situation evoking a response
define HABITUATION
decrease responsiveness w/repeated exposure to stimulus
define ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING
learning that certain events occur together
define CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
type of learning where at least 2 stimuli are linked causing 1st stimulus to elicit behavior in anticipation of 2nd stimulus
what is the difference between classical and operant conditioning
- classical conditioning is the association/anticipation between 2 events
- operative conditioning involves the use of reinforcements & punishments
define COGNITIVE LEARNING
acquisition of mental info whether by watching others or through language
define NEUTRAL STIMULUS
stimulus eliciting no response before conditioning
the term neutral stimulus is used when discussing
classical conditioning
define UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE
unlearned and naturally occurring response to unconditioned stimulus
define UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS
stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an unconditioned response
define CONDITIONED RESPONSE
learned response to previously neutral stimulus
define CONDITIONED STIMULUS
originally neutral stimulus after association w/uncontrolled stimulus coming to trigger conditioned response
define ACQUISITION
initial learning of association of stimulus
define EXTINCTION
diminishing of conditioned response when conditioned stimulus no longer paired w/conditioned response and loses association over time causing conditioned stimulus to return to neutral stimulus
define SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY
reappearance of extinguished conditioned response
define GENERALIZATION
similar stimuli to conditioned stimulus eliciting same response
define DISCRIMINATION
learned ability to distinguish between conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that doesn’t signal a response
define OPERANT CONDITIONING
learning which behavior will be influenced by reinforcer/punishers
define LAW OF EFFECT
behavior followed by favorable consequences become more likely while behavior followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
define REINFORCEMENT
anything that strengthens continuation of behavior
define PUNISHMENT
anything that discourages a behavior
define POSITIVE PUNISHMENT
add something bad to discourage
define NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT
take away something good to discourage
define POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
add something good to encourage behavior
define NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT
take away something to encourage behavior
define PRIMARY REINFORCERS
unlearned behaviors from naturally occurring stimulus
primary reinforcers are things
that naturally feel good (biologically) an in itself is rewarding
define CONDITIONED REINFORCER
learned behavior from introduced stimulus
define CONTINUOUS SCHEDULING
every time stimulus occurs, reinforcement is given
define PARTIAL SCHEDULING
reinforcement given only part of time
what is the benefit of partial scheduling
takes longer but is stronger
define FIXED-RATIO SCHEDULING
reinforcement given only X amount of times
define VARIABLE RATIO SCHEDULING
reinforcement given varied/unfixed amount of times
define FIXED-INTERVAL SCHEDULING
reinforcement given only after certain amount of time passed after stimulus present
define VARIABLE-INTERVAL SCHEDULING
reinforcement given only after uncertain amount of time has passed after stimulus present
define PREPAREDNESS
biological predisposition to learn associations that have survival value
what are some biological factors of learning
- genetic predisposition
- adaptive responses
- unconditioned response
what are some psychological factors of learning
- previous experiences
- predictability of outcomes
- expectations, generalizations, discriminations
what are some sociocultural factors of learning
- culturally learned preferences
- motivation affected by presence/absence of others
- modeling & observing
define PROBLEM-FOCUSED COPING
attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing stressor/way we interact with stress
define EMOTION FOCUSED COPING
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding/ignoring stressor & attending to emotional needs related to stress reaction
define PERSONAL CONTROL
sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helplessness
define LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
hopelessness and passive resignation when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
define INTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL
idea we have ability to control our fate because of our own work
define EXTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL
idea we don’t have ability to control our circumstances and outcome because of luck or fate
define SELF-CONTROL
ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards
define MODELING
process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
define MIRROR NEURONS
frontal lobe neurons believed to fire when preforming/watching others do actions which may cause imitation or empathy
define PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR
positive, constructive, helpful behavior
define VIOLENCE VIEWING EFFECT
viewing violent material decreases sensitivity to violent acts and finds violent behavior more acceptable
