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AP PSYCH > U4: Learning (7-9%) > Flashcards

U4: Learning (7-9%) Flashcards

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1
Q

define LEARNING

A

process of acquiring relatively enduring info/behavior through experiences

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2
Q

define STIMULUS

A

any event/situation evoking a response

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3
Q

define HABITUATION

A

decrease responsiveness w/repeated exposure to stimulus

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4
Q

define ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING

A

learning that certain events occur together

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5
Q

define CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

A

type of learning where at least 2 stimuli are linked causing 1st stimulus to elicit behavior in anticipation of 2nd stimulus

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6
Q

what is the difference between classical and operant conditioning

A
  • classical conditioning is the association/anticipation between 2 events
  • operative conditioning involves the use of reinforcements & punishments
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7
Q

define COGNITIVE LEARNING

A

acquisition of mental info whether by watching others or through language

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8
Q

define NEUTRAL STIMULUS

A

stimulus eliciting no response before conditioning

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9
Q

the term neutral stimulus is used when discussing

A

classical conditioning

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10
Q

define UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE

A

unlearned and naturally occurring response to unconditioned stimulus

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11
Q

define UNCONDITIONED STIMULUS

A

stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an unconditioned response

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12
Q

define CONDITIONED RESPONSE

A

learned response to previously neutral stimulus

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13
Q

define CONDITIONED STIMULUS

A

originally neutral stimulus after association w/uncontrolled stimulus coming to trigger conditioned response

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14
Q

define ACQUISITION

A

initial learning of association of stimulus

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15
Q

define EXTINCTION

A

diminishing of conditioned response when conditioned stimulus no longer paired w/conditioned response and loses association over time causing conditioned stimulus to return to neutral stimulus

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16
Q

define SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY

A

reappearance of extinguished conditioned response

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17
Q

define GENERALIZATION

A

similar stimuli to conditioned stimulus eliciting same response

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18
Q

define DISCRIMINATION

A

learned ability to distinguish between conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that doesn’t signal a response

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19
Q

define OPERANT CONDITIONING

A

learning which behavior will be influenced by reinforcer/punishers

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20
Q

define LAW OF EFFECT

A

behavior followed by favorable consequences become more likely while behavior followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

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21
Q

define REINFORCEMENT

A

anything that strengthens continuation of behavior

22
Q

define PUNISHMENT

A

anything that discourages a behavior

23
Q

define POSITIVE PUNISHMENT

A

add something bad to discourage

24
Q

define NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT

A

take away something good to discourage

25
Q

define POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

A

add something good to encourage behavior

26
Q

define NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

A

take away something to encourage behavior

27
Q

define PRIMARY REINFORCERS

A

unlearned behaviors from naturally occurring stimulus

28
Q

primary reinforcers are things

A

that naturally feel good (biologically) an in itself is rewarding

29
Q

define CONDITIONED REINFORCER

A

learned behavior from introduced stimulus

30
Q

define CONTINUOUS SCHEDULING

A

every time stimulus occurs, reinforcement is given

31
Q

define PARTIAL SCHEDULING

A

reinforcement given only part of time

32
Q

what is the benefit of partial scheduling

A

takes longer but is stronger

33
Q

define FIXED-RATIO SCHEDULING

A

reinforcement given only X amount of times

34
Q

define VARIABLE RATIO SCHEDULING

A

reinforcement given varied/unfixed amount of times

35
Q

define FIXED-INTERVAL SCHEDULING

A

reinforcement given only after certain amount of time passed after stimulus present

36
Q

define VARIABLE-INTERVAL SCHEDULING

A

reinforcement given only after uncertain amount of time has passed after stimulus present

37
Q

define PREPAREDNESS

A

biological predisposition to learn associations that have survival value

38
Q

what are some biological factors of learning

A
  • genetic predisposition
  • adaptive responses
  • unconditioned response
39
Q

what are some psychological factors of learning

A
  • previous experiences
  • predictability of outcomes
  • expectations, generalizations, discriminations
40
Q

what are some sociocultural factors of learning

A
  • culturally learned preferences
  • motivation affected by presence/absence of others
  • modeling & observing
41
Q

define PROBLEM-FOCUSED COPING

A

attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing stressor/way we interact with stress

42
Q

define EMOTION FOCUSED COPING

A

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding/ignoring stressor & attending to emotional needs related to stress reaction

43
Q

define PERSONAL CONTROL

A

sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helplessness

44
Q

define LEARNED HELPLESSNESS

A

hopelessness and passive resignation when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

45
Q

define INTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL

A

idea we have ability to control our fate because of our own work

46
Q

define EXTERNAL LOCUS OF CONTROL

A

idea we don’t have ability to control our circumstances and outcome because of luck or fate

47
Q

define SELF-CONTROL

A

ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

48
Q

define MODELING

A

process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

49
Q

define MIRROR NEURONS

A

frontal lobe neurons believed to fire when preforming/watching others do actions which may cause imitation or empathy

50
Q

define PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR

A

positive, constructive, helpful behavior

51
Q

define VIOLENCE VIEWING EFFECT

A

viewing violent material decreases sensitivity to violent acts and finds violent behavior more acceptable

52
Q
A

AP PSYCH (12 decks)

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