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AP PSYCH > U7: Motivation, Emotion, & Personality (11-15%) > Flashcards

U7: Motivation, Emotion, & Personality (11-15%) Flashcards

1
Q

define the AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

controls & engages body’s response to stimuli

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2
Q

what are the 2 sub systems of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic & parasympathetic

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3
Q

what is the purpose of the sympathetic nervous system

A

respond & react

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4
Q

what is the purpose of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

calms & relaxes

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5
Q

List types of reaction that happen to the body when the sympathetic nervous system is active

A
  • pupils expand
  • no salivation
  • sweat
  • breathing & heart rate increase
  • digestion decrease
  • adrenal glands produce epinephrine
  • immune system slows
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6
Q

list types of reactions that happen to the body when the parasympathetic nervous system is active

A
  • pupils contract
  • salivation
  • skin is dry
  • breathing & heart rate decrease
  • digestion increase
  • adrenal glands produce norepinephrine
  • immune system speeds up
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7
Q

define HORMONES

A

chemical substances secreted into blood causing behavioral changes

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8
Q

aka: epinephrine

A

adrenaline

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9
Q

aka: norepinephrine

A

noradrenaline

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10
Q

define EMOTION

A

whole body experience including physical arousal, behavioral response, and conscious appraisal

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11
Q

what are the 4 theories of emotion

A
  • James-Lange
  • Two factor
  • Cannon-Bard
  • Zejonc-Ledoux
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12
Q

describe James-Lange’s theory

A

physical arousal comes before emotion

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13
Q

describe Cannon-Bard theory

A

physical arousal & emotion are independent from each other and happen simultaneously; arousal goes through the SNS & emotion is through the brain

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14
Q

describe the two-factor theory

A

physical arousal comes first & is consciously labeled as emotion

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15
Q

describe Zejonc-Ledoux’s theory

A

there are higher & lower roads of emotion where the higher road is for complex emotion needing conscious thought & the lower road is for basic emotions

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16
Q

what is the path of the higher road in Zejonc-Ledoux’s theory?

A

senses –> thalamus –> prefrontal cortex –> parietal lobe –> amygdala –> body

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17
Q

what is the path of the lower road in Zejonc-Ledoux’s theory?

A

senses –> thalamus –> amygdala –> body

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18
Q

what are the five basic emotions

A

fear, anger, joy, disgust, sadness

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19
Q

define STRESS

A

how we view & respond to threat/challenge

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20
Q

define STRESSOR

A

thing causing stress

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21
Q

what are the 3 types of stressors

A

catastrophe, significant life change, and daily hassle

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22
Q

define STRESS APPRAISAL

A

consciously/unconsciously evaluating stressor to determine approach & attitude

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23
Q

define CATASTROPHE

A

type of stressor; unpredictable large scale events

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24
Q

define SIGNIFICANT LIFE CHANGE

A

type of stressor; transitions causing dramatic changes

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25
Q

define DAILY HASSLES

A

type of stressor; small things that build on each other

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26
Q

define CORTISOL

A

stress hormone

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27
Q

define GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME (GAS)

A

body adapts to stress in 3 phases

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28
Q

what are the 3 stages of GAS

A

alarm, resistance, & exhaustion

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29
Q

describe the 3 stages of GAS

A
  • alarm: SNS activated, feel faint/shock, prep to fight or flight
  • resistance: SNS active, body pulls resources from other places causing weakening
  • exhaustion: tired/vulnerable to illness/collapse
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30
Q

define PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOLOGY

A

how psychology, neurology, & immune interact & affect each other

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31
Q

define EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION

A

observable sign of emotional state

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32
Q

list some gender differences when it comes to emotions

A
  • women better @ interpreting emotions
  • women experience more empathy
  • women describe emotion in greater detail
  • women emotion interpreted to be intrinsic while male emotions interpreted to be caused by situation
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33
Q

define EMPATHY

A

display more emotion when observing someone else’s bc you identify w/others & view situation as they do

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34
Q

define UNIVERSAL HYPOTHESIS

A

emotional expressions are universal

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35
Q

define DISPLAY RULES

A

norms for control of emotional expressions

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36
Q

define INTENSIFICATION (display rule)

A

exaggerate emotions

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37
Q

define DEINTENSIFICATION (display rules)

A

mute/dampen emotion

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38
Q

define MASKING (display rules)

A

fake emotion to cover for another

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39
Q

define NEUTRALIZING (display rules)

A

hiding emotion

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40
Q

define FACIAL-FEEDBACK EFFECT

A

emotional expressions cause emotion they signify

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41
Q

define BEHAVIOR FEED-BACK EFFECT

A

tendency of our behaviors to influence thoughts & feelings as well as others

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42
Q

define DRIVE

A

psychological tension & physical arousal arising from need that motivates us to action in order to fulfill need & reduce tension

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43
Q

define NEED

A

essential for survival

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44
Q

define HOMEOSTASIS

A

balance in physical & psychological experience

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45
Q

define INCENTIVE

A

positive/negative things in environment that compel us

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46
Q

define YERKES-DODSON’S LAW

A

optimum level of arousal linked to difficulty of task; too difficult/boring/simple leads to motivation decrease

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47
Q

How do hormones and external/internal stimuli influence sexual motivation?

A
  • hormones: testosterone increases sex drive but also stems from arousal
  • external stimuli: stimulate brain linked to feelings of arousal
  • internal stimuli: increase motivation and shows strong link to more frequent orgasms
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48
Q

What evidence points to our human need to belong?

A

people who have been isolated, cut off from others, or given the silent treatment deeply feel the effects of lost connections to others leading to feelings of distress, depression, & low self-esteem

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49
Q

What are the components of emotion

A

physical arousal, behavioral response, & conscious appraisal

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50
Q

How do we communicate nonverbally, and how do these nonverbal communications influence our feelings?

A

we communicate nonverbally through body language and they can convey our emotions

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51
Q

How does stress make us more vulnerable to disease, and why are some of us more prone than others to disease?

A

stress lowers the immune system making people more vulnerable to disease. Those who experience chronic stress have decreased immunity compared to people with low stress. Some people are also less affected by stress due to tolerance/coping mechanisms

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52
Q

Who is William James?

A

contributor of James-Lange theory

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53
Q

Who is Alfred Kinsey?

A

first major sexologist in US establishing sex is important to psychology

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54
Q

Who is Abraham Maslow?

A

studied motivation & created hierarchy of needs & humanistic psychology

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55
Q

Who is Stanley Schachter?

A

co-founder of two factor theory learning connection between conscious & emotion

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56
Q

Who is Hans Selye?

A

created general adaptation syndrome

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57
Q

Who is Carl Lange?

A

co-founder of James Lange theory

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58
Q

Who is Walter Cannon?

A

developed Cannon-Bard theory

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59
Q

Who is Robert Zajonc?

A

co-founder of Zajonc-Ledoux theory

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60
Q

Who is Richard Lazarus?

A

defined 5 basic emotions

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61
Q

what are the theories of motivation

A

drive reduction, optimal arousal, self-determination, hierarchy of needs

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62
Q

describe drive-reduction theory

A

wants to decrease arousal by meeting basic needs to return homeostasis

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63
Q

what is the fault of the drive-reduction theory

A

doesn’t explain why behavior increases arousal

64
Q

define the optimal arousal theory

A

need for optimum arousal to be maintained

65
Q

what is the fault of the optimal arousal theory

A

doesn’t explain motivation for complex social issues

66
Q

describe maslow’s hierarchy of needs throy

A

lower needs must be met before social & personal growth

67
Q

what is the fault of maslow’s hierarchy

A

order not constant for all and doesn’t address need for significant others and kids

68
Q

what are physiological factors of hunger

A
  • stomach contractions
  • blood glucose levels
  • neural arc w/appetite stimulating & suppressing hormones
  • endocrine hormone
  • basal metabolic rates
69
Q

give examples of endocrine hormones related to hunger

A

leptin, insulin, orexin, PYY

70
Q

give examples of socio-cultural factors of hunger

A
  • taste preference
  • unit bias/size
  • food variety
  • eating around others
  • advertisements
  • parties
  • holidays
  • religion
71
Q

what effect does carbs/sweets have?

A

increase serotonin leading to a calming effect

72
Q

what can obesity lead to

A
  • diabetes
  • highblood pressure
  • arthritis
  • heart disease
  • gallstones
  • cancer
  • cognitive decline (women)
73
Q

why is obesity considered attractive

A

sign of affluence and social status

74
Q

what effect does fat have on metabolic rate

A

decreases it

75
Q

what factors lead to obesity

A

sleep loss, environmental world, social influence, genetics

76
Q

what are the 4 phases of the sexual response cycle

A

excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

77
Q

what happens in the first stage of the sexual response cycle

A
  • genitalia engorges with blood
  • vagina expands & secretes
  • breasts & nipples enlarge
78
Q

what happens in the second stage of the sexual response cycle

A
  • excitement peaks
  • breathing, pulse, BP increase
  • penis engorge & precum
  • vaginal secretion increase
79
Q

what happens in the third stage of the sexual response cycle

A
  • muscle contractions
  • breathing, pulse, BP increase
  • position uterus to receive and retain sperm
80
Q

what is the fourth stage of the sexual response cycle

A
  • dissipate blood in genitalia
  • relatively quickly if orgasm
81
Q

what are factors for sexual motivation

A
  • sexual maturity
  • hormones
  • instinct to reproduce
  • family & peers
  • social, religious, & personal values
  • cultural expectations
  • media
  • sexual fantasies
  • exposure to stimulating conditions
  • wanting relationships
  • peers
82
Q

what are the levels of Maslow’s hierarchy starting at the bottom

A
  1. physical
  2. safety
  3. belonging & love
  4. esteem
  5. self-actualization
    5.5/6. trascendental
83
Q

how is hungered experienced psychologically

A

hunger & anger

84
Q

how is hunger experienced physically

A

weakness & stomach pain

85
Q

where is insulin produced and what triggers it to be released

A

pancreas; high blood sugar

86
Q

where is ghrelin produced and what triggers it to be released

A

stomach; stomach empty

87
Q

when is orexin produced and what does it do

A

hypothalamus; tells pancreas and stomach to secrete hormones

88
Q

define SET POINT

A

set ideal weight

89
Q

what are external influences of hunger

A
  • seeing
  • smelling
  • tasting
  • thinking about food
  • scheduled eating
90
Q

describe cortisol in terms of its influence socially

A

stress hormone that can be released during feelings of isolation

91
Q

describe oxytocin in terms of its influence socially

A

released when experiencing intimate contact, physical connection, & childbirth

92
Q

define AFFILIATION NEED

A

need to feel part of group

93
Q

define OSTRICISM

A

deliberate social exclusion of individuals/groups

94
Q

what do testosterone and estrogen increase

95
Q

define FREE ASSOCIATION

A

freud’s technique where pt’s say whatever comes to mind to reveal unconscious/childhood memories

96
Q

define PSYCHOANALYSIS

A

Freud’s theory of personality and associated techniques

97
Q

what composes Freud’s mind structure?

A

ego, id, superego, conscious, preconscious, and unconscious

98
Q

describe ID

A

Freud’s idea of unconscious energy based on pleasure principle wanting immediate gratification

99
Q

give examples of people w/strong id

A
  • crying infant
  • substance abusers
  • present focused people
100
Q

describe EGO

A

gratifies Id in realistic ways for long-term pleasure based on reality principles; contains partly conscious perceptions/thoughts/judgments/memories

101
Q

describe SUPEREGO

A

moral compass that strives for perfection, social construct, & alleviation of guilt

102
Q

what does someone with a strong superego look like

A

virtuous but guilty

103
Q

how does the ego relate to the superego and id

A

superego and id oppose each other while ego pleases both

104
Q

define PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES

A

Freud’s idea that id’s pleasure energy focuses in erogenous zones

105
Q

what encompasses Freud’s development theory

A

psychosexual stages & oedipus complex

106
Q

list Freud’s psychosexual stages

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

107
Q

define IDENTIFICIATION

A

process where kids incorporate parents’ values to beat oedipus/electra complex

108
Q

describe the ORAL PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGE

A

0-18 months; sucking, biting, chewing

109
Q

describe the ANAL PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGE

A

18-36 months; bowel & bladder elimination & cope w/demands for control

110
Q

describe the PHALLIC PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGE

A

3-6 yrs; cope w/incestuous sexual feelings

111
Q

describe the LATENCY PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGE

A

6-puberty; dormant

112
Q

describe the GENITAL PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGE

A

puberty+; maturation

113
Q

define DEFENSE MECHANISM

A

tactic to protect self-understanding & ego

114
Q

give examples of defense mechanisms

A

regression, repression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, sublimation, denial

115
Q

define REGRESSION

A

defense mechanism reverting to infantile stage

116
Q

define REPRESSION

A

defense mechanism banishing thoughts from conscious

117
Q

define REACTION FORMATION

A

defense mechanism switching unacceptable impulses to its opposite

118
Q

give an example of reaction formation

A

anger is converted to exaggerated friendliness

119
Q

define PROJECTION

A

defense mechanism disguising impulse by attributing same impulse to others

120
Q

define RATIONALIZATION

A

defense mechanism providing self-justified explanations

121
Q

define DISPLACEMENT

A

defense mechanism shifting impulse to acceptable/less threatening object/person

122
Q

give an example of displacement

A

girl kicks rock instead of mom

123
Q

give an example of projection

A

“thief thinks everyone is a thief”

124
Q

define SUBLIMATION

A

defense mechanism where unacceptable impulse turns into socially valued motives

125
Q

give an example of sublimation

A

aggressive urges turn into career ambition

126
Q

define COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

A

Jung’s theory that a collection of memories are inherited

127
Q

define ARCHETYPES

A

common reservoir of images applied to Jung’s theory of collective unconscious

128
Q

define PROJECTIVE TEST

A

personality test w/ambiguous stimuli to reveal inner feelings

129
Q

give examples of projective tests

A

thematic apperception test (TAT) & Rorschach Ink Blot test

130
Q

define THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST (TAT)

A

ambiguous pictures shown and person makes a story

131
Q

what thinks are considered part of the “modern” unconscious

A
  • schemas automatically controlling perception and interpretations
  • priming by stimuli
  • brain activity
  • implicit memory operating w/o conscious recall
  • emotions before conscious analysis
  • self-concept and stereotypes
132
Q

define FALSE-CONSENSUS EFFECT

A

tendency overestimate extent which others share our beliefs & behaviors

133
Q

define TERROR-MANAGEMENT THEORY

A

theory exploring emotions and behaviors to reminders of death

134
Q

define HUMANISTIC THEORIES

A

focus on potential of personal growth

135
Q

define SELF-ACTUALIZATION

A

process of fulfilling one’s potential

136
Q

define SELF-TRANSCENDENCE

A

meaning, purpose, and communion beyond self

137
Q

describe PERSON-CENTERED PERSPECTIVE

A

created by Carl Rogers stating that growth climate requires genuineness, acceptance, and empathy

138
Q

aka: person-centered perspective

A

client-centered perspective

139
Q

define UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD

A

total acceptance of person

140
Q

define SELF-CONCEPT

A

all thoughts & feelings answering “who am I?”

141
Q

define PERSONALITY INVENTORIES

A

longer questionnaires to cover wide range of feelings, behaviors, and traits

142
Q

define RECIPROCAL DETERNISM

A

behavior, environment, and internal factors all influence each other

143
Q

describe BIG 5

A

developed by Costa and McCrae comprising of personality components openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

144
Q

define SOCIAL-COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE

A

behavior influenced by traits/thinking & environment

145
Q

what are the 3 statements of reciprocal deternism

A
  1. diff. ppl choose dif. environments
  2. personalities shape how we interpret and react
  3. personalities create situations to which we react
146
Q

define TRAIT THEORY

A

certain stable characterisitcs are influenced by genetic predispositions

147
Q

define SELF

A

organizer of thoughts/feelings/actions

148
Q

define SPOTLIGHT EFFECT

A

overestimating others noticing your performance/appearance/blunders

149
Q

define SELF-SERVING BIAS

A

readiness to perceive oneself favorably

150
Q

define NARCISSISM

A

excessive self-love and self-absorption

151
Q

define SELF-EFFICIACY

A

sense of competency

152
Q

define CONSCIENTIOUSNESS (Big 5)

A

thoughtfulness, organization, impulse control

153
Q

define OPENNESS (big 5)

A

imagination, insight, independence, adaptablility

154
Q

define EXTRAVERSION (big 5)

A

sociability, assertiveness, emotional expression

155
Q

define AGREEABLENESS (big 5)

A

trust, altruism, kindness, affection, pro-social behavior

156
Q

define NEUROTICISM (big 5)

A

emotional stability

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