U9: Social (8-10%) Flashcards
define ATTRIBUTION THEORY
explains behavior by crediting either situation/person’s disposition
define FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR
tendency for observers to underestimate impact of situation when analyzing others’ behavior and overestimate impact of personal disposition
define SELF-SERVING BIAS
more likely to accredit situation we are in when explaining our behavior and credit others behavior due to their behavior
define ATTITUDE
feelings often influenced by beliefs predisposing us to respond in a particular way to objects, ppl, and events
define PERIPHERAL ROUTE PERSUASION
ppl influenced by incidental cues such as model’s attractiveness
define CENTRAL ROUTE PERSUASION
interests people through arguments and logic
define FOOT-IN-THE-DOOR PHENOMENON
tendency for ppl who have first agreed to small request to comply later w/larger request
define ROLE
set of expectations about social position defining how those in position ought to have
define CONFORMITY
adjusting behavior/thinking to coincide w/group standard
define NORMS
understand rules for accepted and expected behavior
define NORMATIVE SOCIAL INFLUENCE
influence from person’s desire to gain approval/avoid disapproval
define INFORMATIONAL SOCIAL INFLUENCE
from one’s willingness to accept other’s opinions about reality, especially from person of authority
define STEREOTYPE
generalized (sometimes accurate but overgeneralized) belief about a group of ppl
define PREJUDICE
unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude toward group and its members usually involving stereotypes and negative feelings and predisposes to discrimination
define DISCRIMINATION
unjustifiable negative behavior toward group and its members
define EXPLICIT PREJUDICE
intentional and conscious prejudice
define IMPLICIT PREJUDICE
unthinking and unaware of attitudes
define JUST WORLD PHENOMENON
tendency for ppl to believe world is just and ppl get what they deserve
define INGROUP
ppl we share common identity
define INGROUP BIAS
tendency to favor own group
define OUTGROUP
ppl perceived different from ingroup
define SCAPEGOAT THEORY
prejudice offers outlet for anger by providing something to blame
define MERE EXPOSURE EFFECT
phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking them
define REWARD THEORY OF ATTRACTION
we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us
those who have a fear of rejection are
more likely to be rejected
what are some of the highest indicators of a relationship
proximity and similarity
define PASSIONATE LOVE
aroused state of intense positive absorption in another generally @ beginning of romantic relationship
define COMPANIONATE LOVE
deep affectionate attachment for those we intertwine our lives with
define EQUITY
condition which ppl receive from relationship in proportion to what they give to it
define SELF-DISCLOSURE
act of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others
define AGGRESSION
any physical/verbal behavior intended to harm physically/emotionally
is aggression an instinct?
no, because it varies to widely but it is influenced by biology
define FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION PRINCIPLE
principle that frustration or the blocking of an attempt to achieve a goal creates anger leading to aggression
describe genetics’ influence on aggression
- no sole influence on personality but affect temperament
- correlation between difficult temperament and aggressive behavior
describe neural influences on aggression
- brain assess provocations and inhibits/facilitates aggression
- amygdala
- damage to frontal lobe increases aggression
describe biochemical influences on aggression
- increase in testosterone increases aggression
- males have greater aggression rates
- women have greater relational aggression
- drugs and alcohol increase aggression
define ALTRUISM
unselfish regard for welfare of others
define BYSTANDER EFFECT
tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
define DIFFUSION OF RESPONSIBILITY
the more people share responsibility to help any single individual the less likely they are to help
define COGNITIVE DISSONANCE
act to decrease discomfort we feel when 2 thoughts are inconsistent
people are more likely to help if…
- victim deserves help
- feel guilty
- in rural area
- in good mood
- we observed someone else being helpful
- already focused on helping
- victim is a woman
- victim is similar to us
- we are not in a hurry
define SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
social behavior is exchange process and aim is to maximize benefits and minimize costs
define RECIPROCITY NORM
expectation ppl will help and not harm those who helped them
define SOCIAL-RESPONSIBILITY NORM
expectation ppl will help those needing their help
define CONFLICT
perceived incompatibility of actions/goals/ideas
define SOCIAL TRAP
situation in which conflicting parties by each pursuing their self interest rather than good of group become caught in mutually destructive behavior
aka social trap
tragedy of commons
define MIRROR-IMAGE PERCEPTION
mutual views often held by conflicting ppl wherein each side sees themselves as ethical and peaceful and the other as evil and aggressive
define SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY
belief that leads to its own fulfillment
define SUPERORDINATE GOALS
shared goals that override differences among ppl require their cooperation
