VN03 Revision Notes Questions Flashcards
Median Plane?
divides the body into symmetrical L+R halves
Rostral?
towards the nose
Proximal?
structures that lie close to the main part of the body
Distal?
Structures that lie away from the main part of the body
Palmar?
rear surface of the fore paw that bears the footpad
Plantar?
rear surface of the hind paw that bears the footpads
Somatic cells?
include all cells of the body apart from reproductive cells
Germ Cells?
Ova and Spermatozoa
Somatic cells divide by?
Mitosis
What number of chromosomes do somatic cells contain?
Diploid number
How are germ cells divided?
Meiosis
What number of chromosomes do germ cells contain?
Haploid number
Mitosis?
Somatic cells make identical copies of themselves and divide into two.
Stages of Mitosis?
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase
Meiosis?
Results in production of ova or sperm containing half the normal number of chromosomes (haploid).
What must occur before fertilisation?
Meiosis
Stages of Meiosis?
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase/Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II and Telophase II.
Diffusion?
Movement of molecules of a liquid or gas down a concentration gradient. Area where they are at a high concentration to an area where they are at a lower concentration.
Osmosis?
Movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a fluid of low concentration to one of a higher concentration.
Squamous Epithelial?
Flattened in shape
Cuboidal?
Square or cube-shaped
Columnar?
column-shaped
What tissue type lines the blood vessels of the lungs?
simple squamous epithelium
What lines the intestines?
Simple Columnar Epithelium
What lines the trachea?
Stratified Epithelium
The 3 body cavities are?
Thoracic, Abdominal and Pelvic
Axial Skeleton?
runs from the skull to the tip of the tail
Appendicular Skeleton?
consists of fore and hind limbs, shoulder and pelvis
5 Vertebrae?
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral and Coccygeal
Three types of joints?
Fibrous, Cartilaginous and Synovial
Masseter?
Closes the jaw
Mastication?
Chewing
Cranial nerves leave the?
Brain
Spinal nerves leave the?
Spinal Cord
Sensory nerves?
Carry impulses toward the CNS
Motor Nerves?
Carry impulses away from the CNS
Forebrain contains?
Cerebrum, Thalamus and Hypothalamus
Hindbrain contains?
Cerebellum, Pons and Medulla Oblongata.
Way to remember cranial nerves?
Oh Once One Has Taken The Anatomy Final, Very Good Vacations Are Happening
Reflex Arcs?
involuntary response to stimuli, rapid and automatic response
Posterior Pituitary Gland Hormones?
ADH and Oxytocin
Anterior Pituitary Glands Hormones?
TSH, GH, ACTH, Prolactin, FSH, LH and ICSH
What hormone does thyroid produce?
Thyroxine
What hormone does the pancreas produce?
Insulin
Hormone produced by the Corpus Luteum?
Progesterone and relaxin
Adrenal Cortex produces?
glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
Adrenal Medulla produces?
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Beta Cells secrete?
Insulin
Alpha Cells secrete?
Glucagon
Glucagon raises or lowers blood glucose levels?
Raises
Delta Cells secrete?
Somatostatin
Blood Vascular System?
Blood, Heart, Circulatory System and Lymphatic System
Leucocytes are?
White Blood Cells
Thrombocytes are?
Platelets
Granulocytes?
Basophils, Eosinophils and Neutrophils
Agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes and Monocytes
Middle layer of the heart?
Myocardium
Outer layer of the heart?
epicardium
Inner layer of the heart?
endocardium
Where does the tricuspid valve lie?
between the RA and RV
Where does the bicuspid/mitral valve lie?
between the LA and LV
Where does the pulmonary valve lie?
at the base of the pulmonary artery as it leaves the RV
Lymph node names?
Submandibular, Popliteal, Axillary, inguinal, Prescapular.
Name of the layer used to separate the thoracic cavity?
Mediastinum
Baroreceptors?
Found in the walls of blood vessels, monitor arterial blood pressure.
Osmoreceptors?
Found in the hypothalamus, monitor osmotic pressure of plasma, influence secretion of ADH
Cell membrane is mainly composed of?
Phospholipid Layer
Which of the following is not found in the nucleus?
Centrioles
Which organelle is the site for ATP Production?
mitochondrion
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the mammalian cell?
Synthesis and Transport of proteins
During which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?
Metaphase
When does crossing-over take place during meiosis?
Prophase
Fluid that has a lower osmotic pressure than that of plasma is said to be?
hypotonic
Which of the following cations is in a relatively higher concentration in the intracellular fluid than in the extracellular fluid?
- potassium
- iodine
- sodium
- chloride
potassium
Which of the following is not an example of structural protein?
- collagen
- enzymes
- elastin
- keratin
Enzymes
Which of the following statements is least accurate?
- an acidic solution has a pH of below 7
- the pH scale is a measure of a solutions hydrogen ion content
- an alkaline substance releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in a solution
- the pH of body fluids is 7.35
an alkaline substance releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in a solution
which of the following is not a connective tissue?
- bone
- cartilage
- muscle
- blood
muscle
which type of tissue covers the external and internal surfaces of the body?
- connective
- skin
- areolar
- epithelial
epithelial
Where would you find simple cuboidal epithelium?
- lining the bladder
- lining the URT
- lining the renal nephron
- in the epidermis
Lining the renal nephron
What type of epithelium lines the ureters?
- simple squamous
- ciliated columnar
- transitional
- stratified squamous
transitional
Which of the following is an example of a simple coiled gland?
- salivary
- sweat
- duodenal
- sebaceous
salivary
Which type of cartilage is found in the epiglottis?
elastic
Which type of bone tissue is found in the cortices of all types of bone?
- spongy
- cancellous
- hyaline
- compact
Compact
The contractile protein that makes up the thin filaments of muscle fibre is?
actin
What is the name given to serous endothelium that lines the inside of the thoracic cavity?
Visceral Peritoneum
What is found within the peritoneal cavity?
peritoneal fluid
Which of the following is a splanchnic bone?
- tuber calcis
- patella
- os penis
- calcaneus
os penis
Where do primary centres of ossification appear in a long bone?
the diaphysis
How many sternebrae is the sternum made up of?
8
How many short bones are found within the tarsus?
7
What is the unit of contraction in a muscle called?
Sarcomere
Osteoblasts?
lay down new bone during skeletal development and remodelling
Osteoclast?
An osteoclast is a type of bone cell that breaks down bone tissue.
Deglutition
action or process of swallowing
Prehension?
Grasping or seizing
Mastication?
Chewing
Atrium - Collecting or Pumping?
Collecting
Ventricle - Collecting or Pumping?
Pumping
Pulmonary Veins?
Receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and drain into the left atrium of the heart
Pulmonary Artery?
Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the left lung
Epicardium?
Thin outer layer of connective tissue of the heart
Myocardium?
Middle layer of heart which consists of cardiac muscle tissue, responsible for pumping action of the heart
Endocardium?
inner layer of the heart
Pulmonary Valve?
SL valve, closes off the right ventricle and opens to allow blood to be pumped from the heart to the lungs.
Mitral Valve?
referred to as the bicuspid valve/left AV valve. Closes off the left atrium, collecting the oxygen-rich blood coming in from the lungs and opens to allow blood to pass from LA to LV.
Aortic Valve?
closes off the LV, opens to allow blood to leave the heart from the LV to the aorta
Tricuspid Valve?
known as the Right AV valve, closes off the RA and opens to allow blood to flow from the atrium RV
Systole?
pumping
Diastole?
Filling
Arteries carry?
OXYGENATED blood
Arteries move blood?
AWAY from the heart
Veins carry?
DEOXYGENATED blood
Veins move blood?
TOWARDS the heart
PQRST Wave - P?
Atria conytracting
QRS?
ventricles contracting
T?
ventricles returning to rest
