VN03 Revision Notes Questions Flashcards
1
Q
Median Plane?
A
divides the body into symmetrical L+R halves
2
Q
Rostral?
A
towards the nose
3
Q
Proximal?
A
structures that lie close to the main part of the body
4
Q
Distal?
A
Structures that lie away from the main part of the body
5
Q
Palmar?
A
rear surface of the fore paw that bears the footpad
6
Q
Plantar?
A
rear surface of the hind paw that bears the footpads
7
Q
Somatic cells?
A
include all cells of the body apart from reproductive cells
8
Q
Germ Cells?
A
Ova and Spermatozoa
9
Q
Somatic cells divide by?
A
Mitosis
10
Q
What number of chromosomes do somatic cells contain?
A
Diploid number
11
Q
How are germ cells divided?
A
Meiosis
12
Q
What number of chromosomes do germ cells contain?
A
Haploid number
13
Q
Mitosis?
A
Somatic cells make identical copies of themselves and divide into two.
14
Q
Stages of Mitosis?
A
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase
15
Q
Meiosis?
A
Results in production of ova or sperm containing half the normal number of chromosomes (haploid).
16
Q
What must occur before fertilisation?
A
Meiosis
17
Q
Stages of Meiosis?
A
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase/Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II and Telophase II.
18
Q
Diffusion?
A
Movement of molecules of a liquid or gas down a concentration gradient. Area where they are at a high concentration to an area where they are at a lower concentration.
19
Q
Osmosis?
A
Movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a fluid of low concentration to one of a higher concentration.
20
Q
Squamous Epithelial?
A
Flattened in shape
21
Q
Cuboidal?
A
Square or cube-shaped
22
Q
Columnar?
A
column-shaped
23
Q
What tissue type lines the blood vessels of the lungs?
A
simple squamous epithelium
24
Q
What lines the intestines?
A
Simple Columnar Epithelium
25
What lines the trachea?
Stratified Epithelium
26
The 3 body cavities are?
Thoracic, Abdominal and Pelvic
27
Axial Skeleton?
runs from the skull to the tip of the tail
28
Appendicular Skeleton?
consists of fore and hind limbs, shoulder and pelvis
29
5 Vertebrae?
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral and Coccygeal
30
Three types of joints?
Fibrous, Cartilaginous and Synovial
31
Masseter?
Closes the jaw
32
Mastication?
Chewing
33
Cranial nerves leave the?
Brain
34
Spinal nerves leave the?
Spinal Cord
35
Sensory nerves?
Carry impulses toward the CNS
36
Motor Nerves?
Carry impulses away from the CNS
37
Forebrain contains?
Cerebrum, Thalamus and Hypothalamus
38
Hindbrain contains?
Cerebellum, Pons and Medulla Oblongata.
39
Way to remember cranial nerves?
Oh Once One Has Taken The Anatomy Final, Very Good Vacations Are Happening
40
Reflex Arcs?
involuntary response to stimuli, rapid and automatic response
41
Posterior Pituitary Gland Hormones?
ADH and Oxytocin
42
Anterior Pituitary Glands Hormones?
TSH, GH, ACTH, Prolactin, FSH, LH and ICSH
43
What hormone does thyroid produce?
Thyroxine
44
What hormone does the pancreas produce?
Insulin
45
Hormone produced by the Corpus Luteum?
Progesterone and relaxin
46
Adrenal Cortex produces?
glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
47
Adrenal Medulla produces?
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
48
Beta Cells secrete?
Insulin
49
Alpha Cells secrete?
Glucagon
50
Glucagon raises or lowers blood glucose levels?
Raises
51
Delta Cells secrete?
Somatostatin
52
Blood Vascular System?
Blood, Heart, Circulatory System and Lymphatic System
53
Leucocytes are?
White Blood Cells
54
Thrombocytes are?
Platelets
55
Granulocytes?
Basophils, Eosinophils and Neutrophils
56
Agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes and Monocytes
57
Middle layer of the heart?
Myocardium
58
Outer layer of the heart?
epicardium
59
Inner layer of the heart?
endocardium
60
Where does the tricuspid valve lie?
between the RA and RV
61
Where does the bicuspid/mitral valve lie?
between the LA and LV
62
Where does the pulmonary valve lie?
at the base of the pulmonary artery as it leaves the RV
63
Lymph node names?
Submandibular, Popliteal, Axillary, inguinal, Prescapular.
64
Name of the layer used to separate the thoracic cavity?
Mediastinum
65
Baroreceptors?
Found in the walls of blood vessels, monitor arterial blood pressure.
66
Osmoreceptors?
Found in the hypothalamus, monitor osmotic pressure of plasma, influence secretion of ADH
67
Cell membrane is mainly composed of?
Phospholipid Layer
68
Which of the following is not found in the nucleus?
Centrioles
69
Which organelle is the site for ATP Production?
mitochondrion
70
What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum in the mammalian cell?
Synthesis and Transport of proteins
71
During which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?
Metaphase
72
When does crossing-over take place during meiosis?
Prophase
73
Fluid that has a lower osmotic pressure than that of plasma is said to be?
hypotonic
74
Which of the following cations is in a relatively higher concentration in the intracellular fluid than in the extracellular fluid?
- potassium
- iodine
- sodium
- chloride
potassium
75
Which of the following is not an example of structural protein?
- collagen
- enzymes
- elastin
- keratin
Enzymes
76
Which of the following statements is least accurate?
- an acidic solution has a pH of below 7
- the pH scale is a measure of a solutions hydrogen ion content
- an alkaline substance releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in a solution
- the pH of body fluids is 7.35
an alkaline substance releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in a solution
77
which of the following is not a connective tissue?
- bone
- cartilage
- muscle
- blood
muscle
78
which type of tissue covers the external and internal surfaces of the body?
- connective
- skin
- areolar
- epithelial
epithelial
79
Where would you find simple cuboidal epithelium?
- lining the bladder
- lining the URT
- lining the renal nephron
- in the epidermis
Lining the renal nephron
80
What type of epithelium lines the ureters?
- simple squamous
- ciliated columnar
- transitional
- stratified squamous
transitional
81
Which of the following is an example of a simple coiled gland?
- salivary
- sweat
- duodenal
- sebaceous
salivary
82
Which type of cartilage is found in the epiglottis?
elastic
83
Which type of bone tissue is found in the cortices of all types of bone?
- spongy
- cancellous
- hyaline
- compact
Compact
84
The contractile protein that makes up the thin filaments of muscle fibre is?
actin
85
What is the name given to serous endothelium that lines the inside of the thoracic cavity?
Visceral Peritoneum
86
What is found within the peritoneal cavity?
peritoneal fluid
87
Which of the following is a splanchnic bone?
- tuber calcis
- patella
- os penis
- calcaneus
os penis
88
Where do primary centres of ossification appear in a long bone?
the diaphysis
89
How many sternebrae is the sternum made up of?
8
90
How many short bones are found within the tarsus?
7
91
What is the unit of contraction in a muscle called?
Sarcomere
92
Osteoblasts?
lay down new bone during skeletal development and remodelling
93
Osteoclast?
An osteoclast is a type of bone cell that breaks down bone tissue.
94
Deglutition
action or process of swallowing
95
Prehension?
Grasping or seizing
96
Mastication?
Chewing
97
Atrium - Collecting or Pumping?
Collecting
98
Ventricle - Collecting or Pumping?
Pumping
99
Pulmonary Veins?
Receive oxygenated blood from the lungs and drain into the left atrium of the heart
100
Pulmonary Artery?
Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the left lung
101
Epicardium?
Thin outer layer of connective tissue of the heart
102
Myocardium?
Middle layer of heart which consists of cardiac muscle tissue, responsible for pumping action of the heart
103
Endocardium?
inner layer of the heart
104
Pulmonary Valve?
SL valve, closes off the right ventricle and opens to allow blood to be pumped from the heart to the lungs.
105
Mitral Valve?
referred to as the bicuspid valve/left AV valve. Closes off the left atrium, collecting the oxygen-rich blood coming in from the lungs and opens to allow blood to pass from LA to LV.
106
Aortic Valve?
closes off the LV, opens to allow blood to leave the heart from the LV to the aorta
107
Tricuspid Valve?
known as the Right AV valve, closes off the RA and opens to allow blood to flow from the atrium RV
108
Systole?
pumping
109
Diastole?
Filling
110
Arteries carry?
OXYGENATED blood
111
Arteries move blood?
AWAY from the heart
112
Veins carry?
DEOXYGENATED blood
113
Veins move blood?
TOWARDS the heart
114
PQRST Wave - P?
Atria conytracting
115
QRS?
ventricles contracting
116
T?
ventricles returning to rest
