VITAMINS (INTRO), VITAMIN A Flashcards
word coined by casimir funk, where vitamin was derived
vitamine
means necessary for life
vita
means contains nitrogen
amine
vitamins are formerly called as
accessory food factors
Organic molecules required by a living organism in minute amounts for proper health.
vitamins
○ Needed in small amounts for specific regulatory functions to maintain life and normal growth.
○ Does not provide energy, but plays a role in energy utilization.
vitamins
Compounds that can be changed into vitamins; potential vitamins
precursors / provitamins
naturally-occurring that are in active form and are ready for use.
preformed vitamins
condition resulting from lack of vitamin in its later stage when more defined symptoms occur such that a nutritional deficiency is recognizable
avitaminosis
vitamin toxicity; excessive accumulation of a vitamin in the body
hypervitaminosis
too much or too little amount of a vitamin.
vitamin malnutrition
Some substances which have physiological roles like vitamins but are present in larger amounts and are partially synthesized in the body
vitamin-like compounds
substances which interfere with the normal functioning of a
vitamin
antivitamins / vitamin antagonists
man-made vitamins or synthesized in the laboratory
synthetic vitamins
multiple forms of a vitamin.
vitamers
● A, D, E and K
● Have precursors or provitamins
● Can be stored in the body
● Not absolutely needed daily from food sources
● Generally stable, even during cooking
fat-soluble vitamins
● Vitamin C and B complex
● Must be supplied everyday in the diet
● Do not have precursors
water soluble vitamins
● Not stored significantly in the body, excreted in the urine
● Deficiency more likely to develop
● More likely to be destroyed in ordinary cooking
water-soluble vitamins
● Also known as Retinol, Retinoic Acid
● vital for vision, growth, the immune system, and reproduction.
● It is essential for the integrity of the mucous membranes throughout the body and necessary for healthy skin, bone and tooth growth
vitamin a
___ are precursors of Vitamin A and the body converts it into active vitamin A form
carotenoids
other precursors of vitamin A
carotenes, cryptoxanthin
● In the formative years, it is important for spacing of teeth, tooth enamel, and formation of bones
● It has an important role in the building of body cells
● It is essential for the growth of children and the development of babies before birth
vitamin a
Vitamin A activity is measured in ___ because various forms of vitamin have different activity levels
RE - retinal equivalents
One RE Vitamin (in mcg) equals to:
from plant foods (average estimate for avg. carotenoids)
10 IU
One RE Vitamin (in mcg) equals to:
from beta-carotene e (carotenoid with the most A activity)
6 IU
One RE Vitamin (in mcg) equals to:
from alpha-carotene or cryptoxanthin (carotenoids)
12 IU
One RE Vitamin (in mcg) equals to:
from animal foods and chemical form used to fortify foods
3.33 IU
One RE Vitamin (in mcg) equals to:
from cheese (a mixture of retinols and carotenoids)
3.50 IU
One RE Vitamin (in mcg) equals to:
from yogurt and milk (a mixture of retinoids and carotenoids)
4.10 IU
Results of nutrition surveys in the Philippines showed that 87% of retinol comes from ___ sources, particularly beta-carotene. Only 13% comes from ___ sources of preformed vitamin A
plant;
animal
RENI:
males 19 years >
550 mcg RE
RENI:
females 19 years >
500 mcg RE
RENI:
pregnancy
800 mcg RE
RENI:
lactation
900 mcg RE
RENI:
infants
400 mcg RE
RENI:
children
400 mcg RE
RENI:
boys and girls (10-18)
1300 mcg RE
causes changes in the integrity of epithelial cells that lead to kin alterations known as follicular hyperkeratosis or “goose-bump flesh.” where small raised bumps of skin surround the hair follicles on the body
vit A deficiency
a cause of blindness that results from vitamin A deficiency. The specific cause is linked to a lack of mucus production by the eye, which then leaves it at a greater risk of damage from surface dirt and bacteria.
xerophthalmia - dry eye
___ or adverse effects are only from the retinol form of vitamin A
toxicity
true or false: a person cannot overdose on vit A from plants
true
may result from excessive carotene in the blood characterized by an abnormal yellow color of the skin and plasma. It is not toxic and is reversible
carotenemia
A pregnant woman who takes more than ___ a day doubles her risk of giving birth to a child with birth defects
10,000 IU
Chronic vitamin A toxicity leads to ___
liver damage
