VITAMINS D, E, K, and C Flashcards by michaela gail

Its primary significance lies in the regulation of calcium and phosphorus absorption, as well as the facilitation of a healthy immune system.

vitamin D

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imperative for the typical growth and development of bones and teeth, while also enhancing the body’s resilience against certain illnesses

vitamin D

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Vitamin D signals the ___ to absorb more calcium, the bones to release more, and the kidneys to retain more in the body

GI tract

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Given enough sun, a person will have sufficient vitamin D. A daily ___ walk in the morning

15-20 minute

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Too much sun breaks down ___ and ___ that form the skin, leaving it thinner and more wrinkled as you age.

collagen and elastin proteins

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true or false: Darker skinned people require longer exposure to
sunlight than lighter skinned people to make the same amount of vitamin D

true

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different of exposure time to sunlight between dark skinned and light skinned people

dark skinned - 3 hours
light skinned - 30 minutes

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○ Is the final active form of vitamin D.
○ Also known as 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D or 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol.

calcitriol

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D2
form found in food

Ergocalciferol

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D3
biologically inert and is converted to calcitriol in the liver

Cholecalciferol

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The precursor present in the
skin, becomes vitamin D upon exposure to ultraviolet light or sunshine. Note that the precursor is a form of cholesterol.

7-dehydrocholesterol

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vitamin D RENI:

for infants, children, adolescents and adults 19-49 years;

5 mcg

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vitamin D RENI:

for male and female 50-64 years of age

10 mcg

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vitamin D RENI:

for older persons (65 years and over).

15 mcg

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the disease that results from inadequate exposure to sunlight or
inadequate dietary intake of vitamin D as an infant.

rickets

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characterized by bowed legs, narrow rib cages, and other deformities. It still affects many children worldwide.

rickets

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vit D deficiency in adults

Hyperparathyroidism
Osteomalacia and osteoporosis

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With an ___, many people do not get sufficient exposure to sunlight to create enough vitamin D for their needs

indoor lifestyle

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Vitamin D toxicity can occur by consuming ___ only

suupplements

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○ calcification of soft tissues,
○ reduced kidney function because of calcification
○ central nervous system disorders.

vit D toxicity

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A megadose of ___ vitamin D a day can cause irreversible damage for the kidneys and heart.

2,000 IU

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● Alpha Tocopherol, other Tocopherols, & Tocotrienols
● composed of eight forms: the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta tocopherols and the alpha, beta, gamma, and delta tocotrienols.

vitamin E

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most active form of vitamin E

alpha-tocopherol

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● Stabilizes cell membranes, promotes healing of tissues, protects red and white blood cells, and regulates oxidation reactions
● Acts as an antioxidant to prevent cell-membrane damage

vitamin E

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● Helps to protect unsaturated fats in the body, especially the polyunsaturated fats (PUFA) from oxidation. ● Detoxifies radicals (destructive substances)

vitamin E

● Aids in the growth on new tissues and the healing of damage tissue from surgery or burns ● Protects red blood cells from hemolysis

vitamin E

When LDL is oxidized, it is more likely to promote the buildup of fatty plaque in the artery walls called ___

atherosclerosis

1 IU of vitamin E = ___ mg

0.67 mg

vitamin E RENI: adult males and females (>19)

12 mg

minimum adult requirement of vitamin E (US)

4 mg or 6 IU per day

natural form of vitamin E

d-tocopherol

Rare, usually associated with diseases of fat malabsorption such as cystic fibrosis and in individuals consuming very low-fat diets for a prolonged period.

vitamin E deficiency

● May interfere with blood clotting and enhance the effects of drugs used to oppose blood clotting, such as aspirin, or anticoagulant. ● Upset stomach and dizziness

vitamin E toxicity

main source of vit E found in supplements (European diet)

alpha-tocopherol

most common form of vit E in the American diet

gamma-tocopherol

● Vitamin K helps in the synthesis of a specific bone protein, and vitamin D regulates the synthesis ● For blood clotting ● Essential for the synthesis prothrombin and at least five other clotting factors to produce fibrin

vitamin K

● Important for the synthesis of other proteins in the bone, plasma, and kidney ● Address the calcium paradox by promoting bone density, inhibiting bone loss and inhibiting vascular calcification

vitamin K

Menadione and other synthetic vitamin K are ___

water-soluble

other names for vitamin K

Naphthoquinone Phylloquinone - K1 Menaquinone - K2 Menadione - K3

vitamin K RENI: male adults > 19

59 mcg

vitamin K RENI: female adults >19

51 mcg

vitamin K RENI: children 1-12 years

13-35 mcg/day

vitamin K RENI: adolescents 13-18 years

49-50-140 mcg/day

US and UK RENI for vitamin K

80-300 mcg/day

blood cannot clot, coagulation is lacking, resulting in hemorrhagic disease

vitamin K deficiency

symptom of vit K toxicity

jaundice

best sources of vit K

dark green vegetables

Vitamin K is fairly stable, although sensitive to ___. Thus, clinical preparations are kept in dark bottles.

light and irradation

● Other name: Ascorbic Acid ● Classification: Water Soluble Vitamins ○ Very reactive vitamin ○ Convertible in different forms ○ Chemical structure of ascorbic acid is similar to glucose ○ They must be supplied daily in food

vitamin C

● Formation and maintenance of the protein and collagen ● Repairs connective tissues keeps capillaries and other blood vessels strong ● Necessary in metabolism of proteins

vitamin C

vitamin c aids in hormone production (4)

INET insulin norepinephrine epinephrine thyroxine

● Builds body resistance to infections ● Major antioxidant ● Helps to cope severe stress

vitamin C

vitamin C stabilizes ___ and ___ and enhances iron absoprtion

vitamin E and folic acid

vitamin C RENI: males > 19

75 mg/day

vitamin C RENI: females > 19

70 mg/day

vitamin C RENI: pregnant

105 mg/day

vitamin C RENI: lactation

120 mg/day 1-6 months - 105 7-12 months - 100

vitamin C RENI: 1-6 yrs infants 6-11 mos

30 mg/day

vitamin C RENI: 7-9 yrs

35 mg/day

vitamin C RENI: boys (10-12, 13-15, 16-18)

10-12 - 45 mg/day 13-15 - 65 mg/day 16-18 - 75 mg/day

infants 6-11 mos girls (10-12, 13-15, 16-18)

10-12 - 70 mg/day 13-15 - 45 mg/day 16-18 - 65 mg/day

severe deficiency in Vitamin C

scurvy

iron overload because Vitamin C intake enhances Iron intake

Hemochromatosis

Megadoses of vitamin C 2,000 mg or more a day interfere ___ utilization

vitamin b12

Massive doses of vitamin C conflict with ___ medications

anti-clotting

true or false: blanching vegetable inactive the enzyme for vit C

true

___ retains more vitamin C than canning or cooking in syrups or water

quick freezing