PROTEINS Flashcards
greek word meaning “of first” or “primary”
proteios
● Fundamental structural unit/elements of every cell of the body.
● Only nutrient group that contains nitrogen (16%)
● Essential for normal growth and development and maintenance of health.
protein
● Has extremely complex molecules containing:
C, H, O, N S, Fe, P, I, Cu
● Composed of chemical compounds called amino acids.
protein
● Building blocks of all proteins.
● Chemical compounds which make up proteins.
● Assembled in the body to form specific tissue protein.
amino acids
Amino acids that are not manufactured by the body and are obtained only from the food we eat.
essential amino acids
Histidine, Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine
essential
Can maintain life processes for adults but not enough for normal growth in children.
semi-essential amino acids
arginin
semi-essential amino acids
Amino acids which are synthesized/manufactured by the body so they are not essential in the diet
non-essential amino acids
Alanine, Glycine, Asparagine, Hydroxylysine, Aspartic Acid, Hydroxyproline, Cystine (Cysteine), Proline, Glutamic Acid, Serine, Glutamine, Tyrosine
non-essential amino acids
RENI means
Recommended Energy and Nutrient Intake
standard RENI
1 gm/kg desirable body weight for a normal adult.
RENI Based on caloric requirement
10-15%of total calories consumed in a day
Adding micronutrients to foods to ensure that minimum dietary requirements are met
fortification
Vitamins or minerals have been added to the food
enrichment
A preparation intended to provide nutrients that may be missing or may not be consumed in sufficient quantities in a person’s diet
supplementation
Any protein that is incomplete on its own but may become complete when combined with other proteins to provide all of the amino acids necessary for normal metabolism.
complementation
___ (trypsin, chymotrypsin, & carboxypeptidase) are responsible for breaking down proteins into simpler substances (tripeptide, dipeptides, & amino acids)
pancreatic enzymes
Enzymes located on the surface of the intestinal wall complete the
digestive process.
aminopeptidase and dipeptidase
Takes place in the mucosa of the small intestine through active transport
absorption
proteins are broken down by the body into amino acids
catabolism
amino acids are resynthesized into tissues as needed
anabolism
This is a continuous conversion needed to maintain overall protein balance within the body
metabolism
Index of the amount of CHON utilized by the body & how well body tissues are being maintained
nitrogen balance
Occurs when the body takes in more nitrogen than it excretes = tissue building.
positive nitrogen balance
Occurs when the body takes in less nitrogen than it excretes = more tissues are broken down than built
negative nitrogen balance
Develops when there is an inadequate supply or intake of protein e.g. in case of famine, poverty and inadequate food supply
protein deficiency / kwashiorkor
accumulation of fat in the liver, edema, painful skin lesions, changes in the pigmentation of skin and hair and muscle wasting
protein deficiency / kwashiorkor
● Resulting from severe malnutrition.
● Afflicts young children and adults who lack both energy and protein foods as well as vitamins and minerals.
protein energy malnutrition / marasmus
Appears emaciated but does not have edema, hair is dull and dry, and the skin is thin and wrinkled.
protein energy malnutrition / marasmus
Put more demands on the liver (which converts nitrogen to urea) and the kidneys to excrete excess urea as in the case of ketosis
protein excess
May contribute to:
- heart disease
- colon cancer
- osteoporosis due to Ca depletion
protein excess
