MINERALS Flashcards
● Inorganic elements that are non-caloric and remain as s when completely burnt
● Chemical elements required by living organisms aside from C, H, O, N
minerals
● Regulates the permeability of cell membranes
● Helps in maintenance of acid - base balance
● Responsible for the transmission of nerve impulse responsible for the contraction of muscles
minerals
○ Found in bones and teeth and maintains its strength (bone structure)
○ Most abundant mineral in the bod
calcium
99% of the body’s calcium is stored in the
bones and teeth
○ Important in nerve transmission
○ Helps maintain normal blood pressure
○ Plays an essential role in the clotting of blood
calcium
calcium RDA:
adults
1000-1300 mg/day
- bone can be weak and brittle, prone to fracture and breakage
- Extreme loss in the bone + everyday stresses (compromised bone + nervous transduction )
osteoporosis
kidney stones, hypercalcemia
calcium toxicity
○ Works closely with sodium and potassium to manage the body’s water level and have balance and functioning well in the form of chloride ions.
○ Maintains the right amount of fluid balance in the body
chloride
convulsion in infants (can cause seizures, imbalance in fluids and electrolytes)
chloride deficiency
high blood pressure, major risk factor in heart diseases and stroke
chloride toxicity
○ Helps build bones (bone strength and structure)
○ Helps nerves and muscles work normally, regulates body temperature (ensuring your immune system stays balanced)
magnesium
- heart disease
- heart spasms (sudden and involuntary contraction of the heart muscle)
magnesium deficiency
diarrhea, lack of coordination and muscle control, confusion, coma
magnesium toxicity
○ Create and maintain body cells
○ Helps in formation of DNA and RNA, essential for growth, genetics, and protein production
○ Works with calcium (to keep your bones and teeth strong, to balance the effect of the calcium to support the bone health)
phosphorous
osteoporosis (weak and brittle bone, increase risk of fractures and bone pain)
phosphorous deficiency
can prevent calcium from working (calcium imbalance) (can
interfere from calcium absorption)
phosphorous toxicity
○ Vital mineral and electrolyte (balance and cell integrity)
○ Reduce water retention
○ Prevent kidney stones
○ Blood pressure regulation
potassium
○ Protection against cerebrovascular accident or stroke
○ Protection against osteoporosis
○ Helps the walls of your blood vessel to relax or loosen up; when tense or rigid, it can lead to high blood pressure, which can cause heart problems
potassium
○ Keeps the heartbeat regular
○ Moves nutrients into cells and waste product out of cells
potassium
potassium RDA:
female adults
2600 mg/day
potassium RDA:
male adults
3400 mg/day
Normal Serum Potassium level
3.5 - 5.5 mEq/ L
excess sodium = ___
hypertension
Low potassium intake + High sodium intake =
high BP
risk of death from heart disease and stroke
low level of serum potassium. Can trigger an increase in blood pressure, kidney stones, and bone turnover
low serum potassium
- irregular heart beat
- loss of appetite
- muscle cramps
potassium deficiency
slowing of the heart beat (particularly in supplements, serious and needs medical attention), Arrhythmia (abnormal heartbeat)
potassium toxicity
○ An electrolyte that helps maintain acid-base balance and is essential to muscle contraction and nerve transmission
○ It is a soft, silvery-white, high reactive metal
○ An alkali metal (solid at room temperature)
sodium
The adequate intake of sodium for adults is
500 mg/day
an eating pattern proven to help people to reduce sodium and increase potassium intakes, and thereby often reduce their blood pressure. Fat-free or low-fat milk products
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)
too much sodium = ___
hypertension
is a crystal-like compound that is abundant in nature
table salt
is a mineral, and one of the chemical elements found in salt
sodium
where is sodium absorbed?
colon
- cramps (rare case)
- dehydration
sodium deficiency
high blood pressure
sodium toxicity
○ It helps our body running smoothly
○ Regulated blood and overall energy
○ Helps carry oxygen to the blood (plays a key part in hemoglobin), helps cells use oxygen (vital for producing energy and maintain the body processes running
smoothly)
iron
- anemia
- paleness
- weakness
iron deficiency
heart disease, elevated LDL
iron toxicity
○ For hypothyroidism / hyperthyroidism
○ Only small amount needed
○ Makes thyroid hormones
○ Regulates the metabolism, energy levels and overall growth
iodine
- enlarged thyroid (goiter)
- hypothyroidism
- Most common cause of preventable mental retardation and brain damage
- Diagnose via urine tests
- Breathing difficulties, especially when lying down
- Difficulty swallowing
iodine deficiency
goiter, thyroid cancer
iodine toxicity
○ Involves in everything
○ Aids in growth (normal in growth and development), DNA synthesis, immune function
zinc
○ impaired taste and smell
○ rashes may develop.
○ In men, reduced sperm production affects their fertility
● dwarfism or severe growth retardation
● arrested sexual maturation
● impairs immune function causes loss of appetite
● during pregnancy may lead to growth and developmental disorder
zinc deficiency
nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain (upper part of the stomach),
lethargy, and fatigue
zinc toxicity
○ Interacts with platelets in blood clotting
○ Produce the active form of Vitamin A in visual pigments
○ Essential to wound healing, taste perception, the making of sperm, and fetal development
zinc
iodine RDA:
pregnant
220 mcg/day
iodine RDA:
lactation
290 mcg/day
zinc RDA:
adults
females - 4.6 mcg/day
males - 6.5 mcg/day
○ An essential mineral that is naturally present in some foods and is available as dietary
supplement
○ A cofactor for several enzyme, “cuproenzymes”
copper
Involved in: Angiogenesis, neurohormone homeostasis, regulation of gene expression, brain development, pigmentation, and immune system functioning
copper
copper RDA:
men and women
men - 1400 mcg/day
women - 1100 mcg/day
- Anemia, Ataxia
- Hypopigmentation
- Hypercholesterolemia
- Osteoporosis and bone defects
copper deficiency
___ inhibits copper absorption
zinc
○ An essential mineral, naturally present in many foods and available as dietary supplement
(same with copper)
○ Major Minerals
○ A component of bones, teeth, DNA, and RNA
phosphorous
○ Plays key roles in regulation of gene transcription, activation of enzymes, maintenance of
normal pH in extracellular fluid, and intracellular energy storage
○ Needed for growth, maintenance, and repair of all tissues and cells, and for the
production of the genetic building blocks
phosphorous
- hypophosphatemia (blood vessels that fall below the normal range)
- Kidney problems (hyperphosphatemia)
- Bone disease (osteomalacia, rickets)
phosphorous deficiency
hyperphosphatemia (rare, the body will regulate may excess levels in healthy individuals, may show no symptoms, too much parathyroid hormone is released that causes
phosphorus to exit the body through urine)
phosphorous toxicity
○ An essential nutrient, comprises about 0.7% (20-25 gm) of total body fats
○ Essential for human nutrition
○ An abundant mineral in the body
magnesium
○ An essential mineral, naturally present in many foods and available as dietary supplement
and medications (same with copper & phosphorus)
○ An earth metal
magnesium
70% of magnesium can be found in
bones
30% can of magnesium can be found in
tissues and body fluids
Low blood calcium
hypocalcemia
Low blood potassium
hypoalemia
- Alcoholism, diabetes
- Tetany (very similar to that seen in hypocalcemia)
- Kwashiorkor
- Malabsorption syndromes
magnesium deficiency
carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body
hemoglobin
holds oxygen for the muscles to use when they contract
myoglobin
___ dietary iron is absorbed
10-15%
___ carries the iron to tissues throughout the body
transferrin
caused by genetic failure to prevent unneeded iron in the diet from
being absorbed, characterized by free-radical tissue damage especially in iron-storing
organs such as the live
Hemochromatosis
iron RDA:
men and women
men - 12 mg/day
women - 12-13 mg/day
iron RDA:
pregnant
28 mg/day
the craving for and consumption of ice, chalk, starch, and other non-food substances
pica
Women are especially prone to ___ during their reproductive years because of blood losses during menstruation
iron deficiency
High sugar and fat intakes are often associated with ___ iron intakes
low
true or false: Iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia are the same
false
refers to depleted body iron stores w/o regard to the degree of depletion or the presence of anemia
iron deficiency
refers to the severe depletion of iron stores that results in a low hemoglobin concentration
iron deficiency anemia
