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NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY > MINERALS > Flashcards

MINERALS Flashcards

1
Q

● Inorganic elements that are non-caloric and remain as s when completely burnt
● Chemical elements required by living organisms aside from C, H, O, N

A

minerals

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2
Q

● Regulates the permeability of cell membranes
● Helps in maintenance of acid - base balance
● Responsible for the transmission of nerve impulse responsible for the contraction of muscles

A

minerals

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3
Q

○ Found in bones and teeth and maintains its strength (bone structure)
○ Most abundant mineral in the bod

A

calcium

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4
Q

99% of the body’s calcium is stored in the

A

bones and teeth

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5
Q

○ Important in nerve transmission
○ Helps maintain normal blood pressure
○ Plays an essential role in the clotting of blood

A

calcium

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6
Q

calcium RDA:

adults

A

1000-1300 mg/day

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7
Q
  • bone can be weak and brittle, prone to fracture and breakage
  • Extreme loss in the bone + everyday stresses (compromised bone + nervous transduction )
A

osteoporosis

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8
Q

kidney stones, hypercalcemia

A

calcium toxicity

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9
Q

○ Works closely with sodium and potassium to manage the body’s water level and have balance and functioning well in the form of chloride ions.
○ Maintains the right amount of fluid balance in the body

A

chloride

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10
Q

convulsion in infants (can cause seizures, imbalance in fluids and electrolytes)

A

chloride deficiency

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11
Q

high blood pressure, major risk factor in heart diseases and stroke

A

chloride toxicity

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12
Q

○ Helps build bones (bone strength and structure)
○ Helps nerves and muscles work normally, regulates body temperature (ensuring your immune system stays balanced)

A

magnesium

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13
Q
  • heart disease
  • heart spasms (sudden and involuntary contraction of the heart muscle)
A

magnesium deficiency

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14
Q

diarrhea, lack of coordination and muscle control, confusion, coma

A

magnesium toxicity

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15
Q

○ Create and maintain body cells
○ Helps in formation of DNA and RNA, essential for growth, genetics, and protein production
○ Works with calcium (to keep your bones and teeth strong, to balance the effect of the calcium to support the bone health)

A

phosphorous

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16
Q

osteoporosis (weak and brittle bone, increase risk of fractures and bone pain)

A

phosphorous deficiency

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17
Q

can prevent calcium from working (calcium imbalance) (can
interfere from calcium absorption)

A

phosphorous toxicity

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18
Q

○ Vital mineral and electrolyte (balance and cell integrity)
○ Reduce water retention
○ Prevent kidney stones
○ Blood pressure regulation

A

potassium

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19
Q

○ Protection against cerebrovascular accident or stroke
○ Protection against osteoporosis
○ Helps the walls of your blood vessel to relax or loosen up; when tense or rigid, it can lead to high blood pressure, which can cause heart problems

A

potassium

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20
Q

○ Keeps the heartbeat regular
○ Moves nutrients into cells and waste product out of cells

A

potassium

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21
Q

potassium RDA:

female adults

A

2600 mg/day

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22
Q

potassium RDA:

male adults

A

3400 mg/day

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23
Q

Normal Serum Potassium level

A

3.5 - 5.5 mEq/ L

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24
Q

excess sodium = ___

A

hypertension

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25
Q

Low potassium intake + High sodium intake =

A

high BP
risk of death from heart disease and stroke

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26
Q

low level of serum potassium. Can trigger an increase in blood pressure, kidney stones, and bone turnover

A

low serum potassium

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27
Q
  • irregular heart beat
  • loss of appetite
  • muscle cramps
A

potassium deficiency

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28
Q

slowing of the heart beat (particularly in supplements, serious and needs medical attention), Arrhythmia (abnormal heartbeat)

A

potassium toxicity

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29
Q

○ An electrolyte that helps maintain acid-base balance and is essential to muscle contraction and nerve transmission
○ It is a soft, silvery-white, high reactive metal
○ An alkali metal (solid at room temperature)

A

sodium

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30
Q

The adequate intake of sodium for adults is

A

500 mg/day

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31
Q

an eating pattern proven to help people to reduce sodium and increase potassium intakes, and thereby often reduce their blood pressure. Fat-free or low-fat milk products

A

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)

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32
Q

too much sodium = ___

A

hypertension

33
Q

is a crystal-like compound that is abundant in nature

A

table salt

34
Q

is a mineral, and one of the chemical elements found in salt

A

sodium

35
Q

where is sodium absorbed?

A

colon

36
Q
  • cramps (rare case)
  • dehydration
A

sodium deficiency

37
Q

high blood pressure

A

sodium toxicity

38
Q

○ It helps our body running smoothly
○ Regulated blood and overall energy
○ Helps carry oxygen to the blood (plays a key part in hemoglobin), helps cells use oxygen (vital for producing energy and maintain the body processes running
smoothly)

A

iron

39
Q
  • anemia
  • paleness
  • weakness
A

iron deficiency

40
Q

heart disease, elevated LDL

A

iron toxicity

41
Q

○ For hypothyroidism / hyperthyroidism
○ Only small amount needed
○ Makes thyroid hormones
○ Regulates the metabolism, energy levels and overall growth

A

iodine

42
Q
  • enlarged thyroid (goiter)
  • hypothyroidism
  • Most common cause of preventable mental retardation and brain damage
  • Diagnose via urine tests
  • Breathing difficulties, especially when lying down
  • Difficulty swallowing
A

iodine deficiency

43
Q

goiter, thyroid cancer

A

iodine toxicity

44
Q

○ Involves in everything
○ Aids in growth (normal in growth and development), DNA synthesis, immune function

A

zinc

45
Q

○ impaired taste and smell
○ rashes may develop.
○ In men, reduced sperm production affects their fertility
● dwarfism or severe growth retardation
● arrested sexual maturation
● impairs immune function causes loss of appetite
● during pregnancy may lead to growth and developmental disorder

A

zinc deficiency

46
Q

nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain (upper part of the stomach),
lethargy, and fatigue

A

zinc toxicity

47
Q

○ Interacts with platelets in blood clotting
○ Produce the active form of Vitamin A in visual pigments
○ Essential to wound healing, taste perception, the making of sperm, and fetal development

A

zinc

48
Q

iodine RDA:

pregnant

A

220 mcg/day

49
Q

iodine RDA:

lactation

A

290 mcg/day

50
Q

zinc RDA:

adults

A

females - 4.6 mcg/day
males - 6.5 mcg/day

51
Q

○ An essential mineral that is naturally present in some foods and is available as dietary
supplement
○ A cofactor for several enzyme, “cuproenzymes”

A

copper

52
Q

Involved in: Angiogenesis, neurohormone homeostasis, regulation of gene expression, brain development, pigmentation, and immune system functioning

A

copper

53
Q

copper RDA:

men and women

A

men - 1400 mcg/day
women - 1100 mcg/day

54
Q
  • Anemia, Ataxia
  • Hypopigmentation
  • Hypercholesterolemia
  • Osteoporosis and bone defects
A

copper deficiency

55
Q

___ inhibits copper absorption

A

zinc

56
Q

○ An essential mineral, naturally present in many foods and available as dietary supplement
(same with copper)
○ Major Minerals
○ A component of bones, teeth, DNA, and RNA

A

phosphorous

57
Q

○ Plays key roles in regulation of gene transcription, activation of enzymes, maintenance of
normal pH in extracellular fluid, and intracellular energy storage
○ Needed for growth, maintenance, and repair of all tissues and cells, and for the
production of the genetic building blocks

A

phosphorous

58
Q
  • hypophosphatemia (blood vessels that fall below the normal range)
  • Kidney problems (hyperphosphatemia)
  • Bone disease (osteomalacia, rickets)
A

phosphorous deficiency

59
Q

hyperphosphatemia (rare, the body will regulate may excess levels in healthy individuals, may show no symptoms, too much parathyroid hormone is released that causes
phosphorus to exit the body through urine)

A

phosphorous toxicity

60
Q

○ An essential nutrient, comprises about 0.7% (20-25 gm) of total body fats
○ Essential for human nutrition
○ An abundant mineral in the body

A

magnesium

61
Q

○ An essential mineral, naturally present in many foods and available as dietary supplement
and medications (same with copper & phosphorus)
○ An earth metal

A

magnesium

62
Q

70% of magnesium can be found in

A

bones

63
Q

30% can of magnesium can be found in

A

tissues and body fluids

64
Q

Low blood calcium

A

hypocalcemia

65
Q

Low blood potassium

A

hypoalemia

66
Q
  • Alcoholism, diabetes
  • Tetany (very similar to that seen in hypocalcemia)
  • Kwashiorkor
  • Malabsorption syndromes
A

magnesium deficiency

67
Q

carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body

A

hemoglobin

68
Q

holds oxygen for the muscles to use when they contract

A

myoglobin

69
Q

___ dietary iron is absorbed

A

10-15%

70
Q

___ carries the iron to tissues throughout the body

A

transferrin

71
Q

caused by genetic failure to prevent unneeded iron in the diet from
being absorbed, characterized by free-radical tissue damage especially in iron-storing
organs such as the live

A

Hemochromatosis

72
Q

iron RDA:

men and women

A

men - 12 mg/day
women - 12-13 mg/day

73
Q

iron RDA:

pregnant

A

28 mg/day

74
Q

the craving for and consumption of ice, chalk, starch, and other non-food substances

A

pica

75
Q

Women are especially prone to ___ during their reproductive years because of blood losses during menstruation

A

iron deficiency

76
Q

High sugar and fat intakes are often associated with ___ iron intakes

A

low

77
Q

true or false: Iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia are the same

A

false

78
Q

refers to depleted body iron stores w/o regard to the degree of depletion or the presence of anemia

A

iron deficiency

79
Q

refers to the severe depletion of iron stores that results in a low hemoglobin concentration

A

iron deficiency anemia

NUTRITION AND DIET THERAPY (17 decks)

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