vitamins and minerals Flashcards
define vitamins and minerals
organic compounds required in small amounts
what are the fat soluable vitamins
ADEK
what are the water soluable vitamins
BC
food sources of vitamin A
liver, oily fish, egg yolk, milk, butter, marg, carrots, pepper, tomato, broccoli, kale, spinach, apricots, mango
food sources of vitamin D
cheese, marg, egg yolk, butter, fish oils and sunlight
food sources of vitamin E
veg oils, fruit + veg, nuts and seeds, marg, butter, meat, fish, eggs
food sources of vitamin K
green leafy veg, soya/rapeseed/olive oils, cheese, gut bacteria
food sources of vitamin B1
soya, yeast, bran, pork, wheat and pulses
food sources of vitamin B2
dairy, cereal, poultry, meat, asparagus, broccoli
food sources of vitamin B3
liver, kidney, meat, fish, poultry, bran, yeast, whole wheat, peanuts and coffee
food sources of vitamin B12
all animal products, seaweed, bacteria, fungi
food sources of vitamin C
citrus, berries, green veg, potatoes and milk
what are the functions of vitamin A
vision - forms light sensitive rhodopsin in retina for night vision
important for cell differentiation and turnover - prevents dryness and thickening of of eye, skin, lung and intestine
antioxidant function
function of vitamin D
calcium regulation - stimulates CA2+ absorption by small intestine and stimulates bone resorption and formation
immune function - contributes to regulation of formation of immune cells in the blood
function of vitamin E
antioxidant function - donates H to free radicals
also maintains cell membrane integrity
anti-inflammatory effects
function of vitamin K
enzyme co-factor - carboxlyase enzyme that facilitates the synthesis of y-carboxyglutamic acid (gla)
GLA is an essential component of the 4 clotting factors
prothromibin
factor VII
factor IX
factor X
function of vitamin B1
cho metabolism
function of vitamin B2
synthesis and oxidation of macronutrients - electron receptor in oxidative metabolism of CHO, AA and fatty acids
donates electron in reduced state
function of vitamin B3
component of co-enzymes - NAD and NADP
NAD and NADP needed to act as H acceptor in oxidative reaction and then in turn act as H donors
function of folate
required for cell division
prevention of neural tube defects
function of B12
nerve myelination
prevents megaloblastic anaemia - low red blood cells but cells are larger and have higher conc of haemoglobin
RBC are inhibited from entering into mitosis as DNA synthesis is inhibited from lack of folate
folate coenzymes recycled by coenzymes made from vit B12
function of vitamin C
prevention of scurvy
aids wound healing - antioxidant/connective tissue/immune function
what are the early and prolonged signs of vit A deficiency
early - impaired colour vision and impaired ability to adapt or see in dim light
prolonged - keratinisation of the cornea followed by ulceration and eventual blindness
what factors can put someone at risk of vit A deficiency
low protein diet, low intake of animal fats and vegetables
fat malabsroption - fat soluable vit
what is the toxicity of vitamin A
toxic to liver in large amounts, not advised during pregnancy as leads to miscarriage /birth defects/learning difficulty
what vitamin is stored in large quantities in polar bear livers and would be toxic to humans if consumed
vitamin A
what does deficiency of vitamin D lead to
rickets in children due to undermineralisation of bone
oestomalacia due to demineralisation of bones
what factors put someone at risk of a vitamin D deficiency
low sun exposure - being elderly or housebound
v high fibre diets
liver and kidney disease
asian immigrants
what is the toxicity of vitamin D
excessive intake can lead to ca2+ metabolism disturbance which can lead to hypercalcaemia, high conc in blood leading to potential high BP and brain/kidney damage
what does deficiency of vitamin E lead to
neurological damage, anaemia, impaired immunity
whose at risk of vit E deficiency
premature babies and those with fat malabsorption
what is the toxicity of vitamin E
few adverse affects seen over 3200mg
what does deficiency of vitamin K lead to
bleeding disorders characterised by low prothrombin activity
whose at risk of vit K deficiency
new borns, those with fat malabsorption and those taking antibiotics or anti-coagulant drugs
what is the toxicity of vitamin K
synthetic forms can be toxic in high doses
what does deficiency of vitamin B1 lead to
beri-beri (rare but seen in alcoholics)
acute/wet - CV - responds well to treatment
- leads to ^HR/warm extremities/enlargement of heart/oedema/CHF
chronic/dry - muscles and nerves - responds well to treatment
- peripheral neuropathy - damage to peripheral nerves resulting in weakness, numbness and pain
leads to limited walking, damaged reflexes
what are the symptoms of wernickes encephalopathy
abnormalities to eye movement/stance/gait/mental capacity
what is wernickes - kortakoffs syndrome
a neurological syndrome resulting from B1 deficiency,
wenickes encephalopathy and korsakoffs psychosis are acute and chronic phases of the same disease
what are the symptoms of korsakoffs psychosis
amnesia and inability to form new memories
what does deficiency in vitamin B2 lead to
ariboflavinosis - lesions of the mouth, cracking lips, magenta tongue, skin inflammation, anaemia
who is at risk of a vit B2 deficiency
those with anorexia, malabsorption or alcoholism
what is the toxicity of vitamin B2
no toxic effects observed
what does deficiency in vitamin B3 lead to
pellagra Dx3
dermatitis - skin inflammation due to sunlight exposure
diarrhoea
dementia - not typically observed until later stages
what is the toxicity of vitamin B3
vit b3 can lead to liver damage or liver failure in high doses
what does a folate deficiency lead to
anaemia (megaloblastic due to inhibition of dna synthesis and then inhibition of mitosis, less RBC but present RBC tend to be larger and more red - these cells are larger due to being stuck in G2 growth phase)
can also lead to diarrhoea and growth failure
who is at risk of folate deficiency
low intake/ those with malaborption/ ^alcohol/drug intake
pregnant women
what is the toxicity of folate
can lead to liver damage or failure
folate supplementation is common in flour in europe to prevent neural tube defects like spina bifida
however increased intake of folate is though to increase the likeihood of falling pregnant with twins although the data available is relatively conflicting
although supplementation would prevent spina bifida, carrying twins does come with its own risks
what does a deficiency in vitamin B12 lead to
anaemia
irreversible nerve damage in chronic cases
who is at risk of vitamin B12 deficiency
vegans, those who do not produce intrinsic factor - need shots every few months as there is no substitute for intrinsic factor
what is the toxicity of vitamin B12
low toxicity exhibited
what does a deficiency in vitamin C lead to
scurvy - fatigue, skin bleeds, swollen gums, joint swelling and sudden HF
what factors put people at risk of vitamin C deficiency
low fruit/veg intake
consumption of irregular high doses through supplementation
what is the toxicity of vitamin C
excess intake can lead to kidney stones, diarrhoea
what is the function of calcium
growth and development of skeleton
needed for cellular processes
what does a deficiency in calcium lead to
decreased bone mass/osteoporosis
what are the main risk factors leading to calcium deficiency
poor intake or malabsorption
what is the toxicity of calcium
supplement use may lead to kidney stones and hypercalcaemia
what does a deficiency in iron lead to
anaemia
what is the function of iron
present in haemoglobin, myoglobin, ferritin etc
what is the main risk leading to iron deficiency
low dietary intake
what is the toxicity of iron
tissue deposition
what is the function of iodine
develop/growth - used to make thyroid hormones
what does a deficiency in iodine lead to
in fetus - miscarriage/stillbirth/cretinism (severely stunted mental and physical growth)
goitre - swelling of the thyroid gland
what are the main risk factors for iodine deficiency
low salt intake
what is the toxicity of iodine
in very high doses can lead to hyperthyroidism
