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Nutrition, Health and Disease > vitamins and minerals > Flashcards

vitamins and minerals Flashcards

1
Q

define vitamins and minerals

A

organic compounds required in small amounts

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2
Q

what are the fat soluable vitamins

A

ADEK

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3
Q

what are the water soluable vitamins

A

BC

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4
Q

food sources of vitamin A

A

liver, oily fish, egg yolk, milk, butter, marg, carrots, pepper, tomato, broccoli, kale, spinach, apricots, mango

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5
Q

food sources of vitamin D

A

cheese, marg, egg yolk, butter, fish oils and sunlight

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6
Q

food sources of vitamin E

A

veg oils, fruit + veg, nuts and seeds, marg, butter, meat, fish, eggs

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7
Q

food sources of vitamin K

A

green leafy veg, soya/rapeseed/olive oils, cheese, gut bacteria

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8
Q

food sources of vitamin B1

A

soya, yeast, bran, pork, wheat and pulses

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9
Q

food sources of vitamin B2

A

dairy, cereal, poultry, meat, asparagus, broccoli

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10
Q

food sources of vitamin B3

A

liver, kidney, meat, fish, poultry, bran, yeast, whole wheat, peanuts and coffee

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11
Q

food sources of vitamin B12

A

all animal products, seaweed, bacteria, fungi

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12
Q

food sources of vitamin C

A

citrus, berries, green veg, potatoes and milk

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13
Q

what are the functions of vitamin A

A

vision - forms light sensitive rhodopsin in retina for night vision
important for cell differentiation and turnover - prevents dryness and thickening of of eye, skin, lung and intestine
antioxidant function

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14
Q

function of vitamin D

A

calcium regulation - stimulates CA2+ absorption by small intestine and stimulates bone resorption and formation
immune function - contributes to regulation of formation of immune cells in the blood

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15
Q

function of vitamin E

A

antioxidant function - donates H to free radicals
also maintains cell membrane integrity
anti-inflammatory effects

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16
Q

function of vitamin K

A

enzyme co-factor - carboxlyase enzyme that facilitates the synthesis of y-carboxyglutamic acid (gla)
GLA is an essential component of the 4 clotting factors
prothromibin
factor VII
factor IX
factor X

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17
Q

function of vitamin B1

A

cho metabolism

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18
Q

function of vitamin B2

A

synthesis and oxidation of macronutrients - electron receptor in oxidative metabolism of CHO, AA and fatty acids
donates electron in reduced state

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19
Q

function of vitamin B3

A

component of co-enzymes - NAD and NADP

NAD and NADP needed to act as H acceptor in oxidative reaction and then in turn act as H donors

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20
Q

function of folate

A

required for cell division

prevention of neural tube defects

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21
Q

function of B12

A

nerve myelination
prevents megaloblastic anaemia - low red blood cells but cells are larger and have higher conc of haemoglobin
RBC are inhibited from entering into mitosis as DNA synthesis is inhibited from lack of folate
folate coenzymes recycled by coenzymes made from vit B12

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22
Q

function of vitamin C

A

prevention of scurvy

aids wound healing - antioxidant/connective tissue/immune function

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23
Q

what are the early and prolonged signs of vit A deficiency

A

early - impaired colour vision and impaired ability to adapt or see in dim light
prolonged - keratinisation of the cornea followed by ulceration and eventual blindness

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24
Q

what factors can put someone at risk of vit A deficiency

A

low protein diet, low intake of animal fats and vegetables

fat malabsroption - fat soluable vit

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25
Q

what is the toxicity of vitamin A

A

toxic to liver in large amounts, not advised during pregnancy as leads to miscarriage /birth defects/learning difficulty

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26
Q

what vitamin is stored in large quantities in polar bear livers and would be toxic to humans if consumed

A

vitamin A

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27
Q

what does deficiency of vitamin D lead to

A

rickets in children due to undermineralisation of bone

oestomalacia due to demineralisation of bones

28
Q

what factors put someone at risk of a vitamin D deficiency

A

low sun exposure - being elderly or housebound
v high fibre diets
liver and kidney disease
asian immigrants

29
Q

what is the toxicity of vitamin D

A

excessive intake can lead to ca2+ metabolism disturbance which can lead to hypercalcaemia, high conc in blood leading to potential high BP and brain/kidney damage

30
Q

what does deficiency of vitamin E lead to

A

neurological damage, anaemia, impaired immunity

31
Q

whose at risk of vit E deficiency

A

premature babies and those with fat malabsorption

32
Q

what is the toxicity of vitamin E

A

few adverse affects seen over 3200mg

33
Q

what does deficiency of vitamin K lead to

A

bleeding disorders characterised by low prothrombin activity

34
Q

whose at risk of vit K deficiency

A

new borns, those with fat malabsorption and those taking antibiotics or anti-coagulant drugs

35
Q

what is the toxicity of vitamin K

A

synthetic forms can be toxic in high doses

36
Q

what does deficiency of vitamin B1 lead to

A

beri-beri (rare but seen in alcoholics)
acute/wet - CV - responds well to treatment
- leads to ^HR/warm extremities/enlargement of heart/oedema/CHF
chronic/dry - muscles and nerves - responds well to treatment
- peripheral neuropathy - damage to peripheral nerves resulting in weakness, numbness and pain
leads to limited walking, damaged reflexes

37
Q

what are the symptoms of wernickes encephalopathy

A

abnormalities to eye movement/stance/gait/mental capacity

38
Q

what is wernickes - kortakoffs syndrome

A

a neurological syndrome resulting from B1 deficiency,

wenickes encephalopathy and korsakoffs psychosis are acute and chronic phases of the same disease

39
Q

what are the symptoms of korsakoffs psychosis

A

amnesia and inability to form new memories

40
Q

what does deficiency in vitamin B2 lead to

A

ariboflavinosis - lesions of the mouth, cracking lips, magenta tongue, skin inflammation, anaemia

41
Q

who is at risk of a vit B2 deficiency

A

those with anorexia, malabsorption or alcoholism

42
Q

what is the toxicity of vitamin B2

A

no toxic effects observed

43
Q

what does deficiency in vitamin B3 lead to

A

pellagra Dx3
dermatitis - skin inflammation due to sunlight exposure
diarrhoea
dementia - not typically observed until later stages

44
Q

what is the toxicity of vitamin B3

A

vit b3 can lead to liver damage or liver failure in high doses

45
Q

what does a folate deficiency lead to

A

anaemia (megaloblastic due to inhibition of dna synthesis and then inhibition of mitosis, less RBC but present RBC tend to be larger and more red - these cells are larger due to being stuck in G2 growth phase)
can also lead to diarrhoea and growth failure

46
Q

who is at risk of folate deficiency

A

low intake/ those with malaborption/ ^alcohol/drug intake

pregnant women

47
Q

what is the toxicity of folate

A

can lead to liver damage or failure
folate supplementation is common in flour in europe to prevent neural tube defects like spina bifida
however increased intake of folate is though to increase the likeihood of falling pregnant with twins although the data available is relatively conflicting
although supplementation would prevent spina bifida, carrying twins does come with its own risks

48
Q

what does a deficiency in vitamin B12 lead to

A

anaemia

irreversible nerve damage in chronic cases

49
Q

who is at risk of vitamin B12 deficiency

A

vegans, those who do not produce intrinsic factor - need shots every few months as there is no substitute for intrinsic factor

50
Q

what is the toxicity of vitamin B12

A

low toxicity exhibited

51
Q

what does a deficiency in vitamin C lead to

A

scurvy - fatigue, skin bleeds, swollen gums, joint swelling and sudden HF

52
Q

what factors put people at risk of vitamin C deficiency

A

low fruit/veg intake

consumption of irregular high doses through supplementation

53
Q

what is the toxicity of vitamin C

A

excess intake can lead to kidney stones, diarrhoea

54
Q

what is the function of calcium

A

growth and development of skeleton

needed for cellular processes

55
Q

what does a deficiency in calcium lead to

A

decreased bone mass/osteoporosis

56
Q

what are the main risk factors leading to calcium deficiency

A

poor intake or malabsorption

57
Q

what is the toxicity of calcium

A

supplement use may lead to kidney stones and hypercalcaemia

58
Q

what does a deficiency in iron lead to

A

anaemia

59
Q

what is the function of iron

A

present in haemoglobin, myoglobin, ferritin etc

60
Q

what is the main risk leading to iron deficiency

A

low dietary intake

61
Q

what is the toxicity of iron

A

tissue deposition

62
Q

what is the function of iodine

A

develop/growth - used to make thyroid hormones

63
Q

what does a deficiency in iodine lead to

A

in fetus - miscarriage/stillbirth/cretinism (severely stunted mental and physical growth)
goitre - swelling of the thyroid gland

64
Q

what are the main risk factors for iodine deficiency

A

low salt intake

65
Q

what is the toxicity of iodine

A

in very high doses can lead to hyperthyroidism

Nutrition, Health and Disease (19 decks)

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