energy expenditure

Question 1

what does BMR stand for

Answer 1

basal metabolic rate

Question 2

what is basal metabolic rate

Answer 2

bmr represents the EE of an individual lying at complete mental and physical rest in a comfortable warm environment at least 12h after the last meal

Question 3

what is RMR

Answer 3

resting metabolic rate - like bmr but not measured in strictly controlled conditions
tends to be higher than bmr as it takes into account activation of SNS

Question 4

what factors affect bmr/rmr

Answer 4

age, sex, bmi, body composition, nutritional status + drugs, hormonal and health status and genetics

Question 5

how does exercise and food intake affect BMR

Answer 5

causes an increase in BMR

Question 6

what is TEF

Answer 6

thermal effect of food

Question 7

what is thermogenisis

Answer 7

production of heat in the human body

Question 8

how to we estimate physical activity in terms of EE

Answer 8

physical activity ratio PAR

which is the energy cost of PA expressed as a multiple of BMR

Question 9

what is physical activity level PAL?

Answer 9

sum of PAR x time spent doing that activity over 24h, expressed as a multiple of BMR

Question 10

what is indirect calorimetry

Answer 10

method of estimating heat production based on the determination of gaseous exchange

Question 11

how does body composition affect metabolic rate

Answer 11

the more lean tissue a person has the higher the bmr as muscle is metabolically active

Question 12

how is bmr calculated

Answer 12

using a ventilation hood measuring gaseous exchange

Question 13

how is rmr calculated

Answer 13

using a ventilation hood measuring gaseous exchange and the Weir equation

Question 14

what non-calorimetric techniques can be used

Answer 14

HR

Question 15

what causes obesity?

Answer 15

when energy intake exceeds energy output

Question 16

what are the main causes of obesity

Answer 16

genetics - susceptibility to accumulate energy/sensitivity of appetite control
early life experiences - what parents eat etc
environment - diet/changes to food production/life style habits

Question 17

what factors have contributed to the increase in obesity over the last 50 years

Answer 17

increase in energy dense foods, increase in food intake and decrease in physical activity
increased number of cars, increased choice of food

Question 18

what factors affect energy requirements

Answer 18

living, PA, growth, pregnancy, lactation, infection, illness

Question 19

what are the main sources of energy

Answer 19

protein, fat and cho

Question 20

food energy can be broken down into three categories, what are they?

Answer 20

GE gross energy
DE digestable energy
ME metabolisable energy