Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCBM > Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamins can be divided into ____ soluble and ____soluble

A

water; fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins

A
  1. B complex
  2. Vitamin C
  3. Folacins
    - Generally not stored except folate and B12
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the fat soluble viamins

A

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

-Generally stored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Beta carotene has ____units.

A

isoprene;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Retinal binds with ___ to form rhodopsin.

A

opsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cyclic GMP is upregulated by

A

nitric oxide; ion channels open and close; changes conc of sodium and calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the Vitamin A derivatives

A
  1. retinal (all trans)
  2. retinal (11 cis)
  3. retinoic acid (all trans)
  4. retinoic acid (9-cis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Retinoic acid serves as a hormone for regulating ____differentiation

A

epithelial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Vitamin A important for

A
  1. Vision

2. Cell signaling; cellular differentiation, morphongenesis, reproduction, and immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does Vitamin A deficiency cause

A
  1. night blindness
  2. skin lesions
  3. vulnerability to infections
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens during Vitamin A deficiency while pregnant

A
  1. Micropthalmia (small eyes)
  2. cleft palate/lip
  3. cardiovascular and urogenital anamolies
  4. malformed limbs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens during Vitamin A toxicity

A
  1. Nausea
  2. weight loss
  3. liver damage
  4. joint pain
    * a major teratogen during pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Vitamin D a derivative of

A

cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the enzyme involved in Vitamin D metabolism in the liver

A

25-hydroxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the enzyme involved in Vitamin D metabolism in the kidneys

A

1-hyroxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens when you have Vitamin D deficiency

A
  1. Rickets (children)
  2. Osteomalacia (adults)
  3. Enlarged epiphyseal growth plates
  4. defective remineralization of bone, bone pain, and muscle weakness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What happens during Vitamin D Toxicity

A
  1. Weakness
  2. loss of appetite
  3. unusual thirst
  4. nausea and vomiting
  5. high blood pressure
  6. increase Ca++ reabsorption from bones and deposition in soft tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Vitamin E

A

alpha tocopherol

  • Protects PUFA’s (polyunsaturated fatty acids) in membrane phospholipids and cholesterol from attack by peroxides and free radicals
  • Protects retinal in photoreceptor cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Vitamin E is a potent ___

A

antioxidant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are causes Vitamin E deficiency

A

associated with lipid malabsorption (rare in humans)

  • premature infants: may present with pulmonary distress and retinopathy
  • neuronal degeneration of the spinal cord and peripheral axons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Vitamin K1 (phyloquinone)

A

found in green leafy vegetables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Vitamin K2 found in (menaquinone)

A

intestinal bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is Vitamin K3 found in

A

synthetic menadione

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Vitamin K important for

A

blood clotting;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What kind of patients on Warfarin

A

patients at risk for clot formation

26
Q

Vitamin K is in quinone form and undergoes quinone reductase which takes carbonyls and convert them to ____ to make ____ that serves as a cofactor for Vitamin K dependent carboxylase. This gets converted to epoxide form.

A

hydroxyls; hydro quinone

27
Q

Vitamin K deficiency causes

A
  1. increased prothrombin time

2. leading to easy bruisability and bleeding tendency

28
Q

Thiamine pyrophospate (TPP) is an important cofactor for:

A
  1. transketolase (non oxidative PPP)
  2. pyruvate dehydrogenase
  3. alphaketoglutarate dehydrogenase
  4. branched chain alpha ketoacid dehydrogenase
29
Q

Thiamine deficiency causes:

A
  1. Dry Beriberi: NS associated includes transketolase and wernicke-korsakoff syndrome
  2. Wet Beriberi: affects cardiovascular system; tachycardia and edema
30
Q

Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is important for what

A

Precursor for FMN and FAD

31
Q

What does Vitamin B2 deficiency cause

A

Angular cheilosis: dryness and cracking at the corners of the mouth

32
Q

Trp and Niacin are precursors for

A

NAD

33
Q

What happens when you have vitamin B3 deficiency

A
  1. dermatitis (photosensitive)
  2. diarrhea
  3. dementia
  4. soreness and inflammation of the tongue and mouth
34
Q

What is vitamin B3 made of

A

niacin

35
Q

What happens when you have Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) deficiency

A
  1. burning foot syndrome
  2. skin abnormalities
  3. GI upset
  4. fatigue and weakness
  5. insomnia
36
Q

vitamin B5 is also called

A

pentothenate

37
Q

What is Vitamin B6 (pyradaxone) important for

A

important in aa and glycogen metabolism

38
Q

Vitamin B6 is important cofactor for:

A
  1. Transamination reactions
  2. glycogen phosphorylase
  3. Heme synthesis
  4. niacin synthesis
    5.
39
Q

What does Vitamin B6 deficiency cause

A
  1. collagen defects: bone, CT, blood vessels

2. Neural defects: lower limb paralysis

40
Q

Vitamin B7 is considered:

A

Biotin; important carbon dioxide carrier in carboxylase reactions.

41
Q

What does vitamin B7 deficiency cause

A

fungal infections
hair loss (alopecia)
depression
myalgias

42
Q

What is Vitamin B8 (inositol)

A

important in cell signaling; if taken with folic acid it can prevent fetal neural tube defects

43
Q

What is vitamin B9 (folate) important for

A

Precursor for tetrahydrofolate: methyl group transfers

44
Q

What does folate deficiency cause

A

inc. neural tube defects in fetus, including spina bifida and anencephaly.
In adults it can contribute to megaloblastic anemia

45
Q

What is Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) important for

A
  1. Source of free radicals for H+ exchanges. Involved in aa metabolism.
46
Q

What does vitamin B12 or intrinsic factor deficiency cause

A

pernicious anemia; smooth red tongue (glossitis); causes a marocytic anemia , mean cell volume is over 100

47
Q

What is Vitamin B12 made of

A

anaerobic bacteria in gut; found in meat and dairy products

  • requires intrinsic factor (protein secreted by gastric parietal cells) for proper absorption in ileum.
  • Its released into bloodstream carried by transcobalamin II
  • stored in liver
48
Q

What is Vitamin C important

A

made from glucose.

49
Q

What can vitamin c deficiency lead to

A

scurvy- defective proline hydroxylation of collagen leads to weak gingiva, easy bruising

50
Q

What are the major minerals

A

Bone: Ca, P
Electrolytes: Na, K, Cl, S

51
Q

What are the trace elements

A

iron, zinc, cr, copper, iodine, magnesium, Se, Co, Vn, Nickel, SI, Mo

52
Q

Iron is transported with ____ and stored with ____ or ___ in bone marrow, liver, and muscle

A

transferrin; ferritin or hemosiderin

53
Q

zinc and copper serve as ___for imporant enzymes

A

cofactors

54
Q

zinc is a cofactor for:

A

dehydrogenases
superoxide dismutase
carbonic anydrase, matrix metalloproteinases

55
Q

zinc deficiency causes

A

acrodermatitis enteropathica; genetic disorder

56
Q

Cofactors of copper include

A 
lysl oxidase
tryosinase
dopamine betra hyroxylase
cytochrome c oxidase
superoxide dismutase
ceruloplasmin
57
Q

deficiencies of copper include

A

weak blood vessels
hypopigmentation
nerological defects
fatigue

58
Q

What is Wilsons disease

A

copper overload; in brain liver and eyes (Kayser-Fleisher rings)
-Treated by chelation therapy which will bind copper and help get it removed from bloodstream. It’s a derivative of penicillin

59
Q

Iodine is important for

A

thyroid; to make active forms of thyroxine and triiodothyronine synthesis

60
Q

Deficiency in iodine causes

A

goiter: thyroid is enlarged
Cretinism: facial abnormalities

MCBM (59 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions