Cell Signaling Flashcards
What does RIA do
allows the detection of tiny quantities of hormones in the bloodstream which is a landmark technique for endocrinology. Take an anitibody and radio labeled target to quanitfy how much of hormone is in sample.
what are the major endocrine glands
- hypothalamus
- thyroid gland
- Kidneys (EPO, renin)
- ovaries/testes
- adrenals
- pancreas
what is the hypothalamic/pituitary axis
Anterior pit conn to hypothalamus by portal vein system. Things go directly into anterior pituitary. Posterior inn by axons that originate in the hypothalamus. Direct connection to secreting things into hypothalamus.
what are the steps in sending information from the hypothalmic/anterior pituitary axis
- Hypothalamus secretes hypothalamic releasing factors into portal system that goes directly into anterior pituitary.
- Anterior pit responds to whichever RH that has been sent out by secreting tropic hormones into circulation.
- Hormones produce cortisol, thyroxine or sex steroids which are all classed as steroid hormones.
what are the tropic hormones
ACTH, Thyrotropin, FSH, and LH, Somatotropin, and prolactin
what are the releasing factor hormones
CRH, TRH, GnRH, GRH, PRH
what do the tropic hormones target
ACTH: adrenal cortex Thyrotropin: thyroid FSH and LH: ovaries and testes Somatropion: liver, bone Prolactin: mammary glands
what are the steps in sending info to the hypothalamic/posterior pituitary axis
1.
what two hormones are secreted in posterior pituitary
- Oxytocin; smooth muscle contraction generator in labor
2. Vasopressin (ADH): impt in BP regulation and water balance. Targets arterioles and kidneys
what are alternative pathways that bypass the hypothalmic pituitary axis
- Blood glucose conc. (sensed by pancreas) causes secretion of insulin and glucagon which targets muscle, adipose and liver
- Adrenal medulla: epinephrine secretion. Targets muscle, adipose and liver
what are the signaling molecules that bind to receptors? How are they classed
Ligands; structure
What are some examples of ligands
Peptides: proteins; have genes that encode them
amine neurotransmitter: ex is serotonin
Steroids: ex is testosterone
Eicsoanoids: derived from arachidonic acid
whats so special about steroid hormones
Can pass directly through cell membrane and can change transcription of genes directly.
what are some protein hormones
1 hypothalamic hormones
- pituitary hormones
- pancreatic hormones
- Lepin, renin, ANF
what are the pancreatic hormones? where are they produced?
- alpha cells: glucagon
- beta cells: insulin
- gamma cells: somatostatin
Produced in islets of langerhans