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MCBM > Acid/Base Regulation > Flashcards

Acid/Base Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is amphoteric

A

Capable of donating and accepting protons

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2
Q

What is diprotic

A

Possessing two dissociable protons

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3
Q

What are zwitterions

A

A dipolar ion, with spatially separated positive and negative charges

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4
Q

What is isoelectric point

A

the pH at which a solute has no electric charge

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5
Q

What is pH derived from

A

the ionization of water

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6
Q

What does it mean to end with -ic acid

A

Acid expressed as free acid

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7
Q

What does it mean to end with -ate

A

Ionized conjugate base expressed. This is more acceptable under physiologic conditions

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8
Q

What is Ka?

A

a dissociation constant that tells the tendency of an acid to give up a proton

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9
Q

Strong acids have a strong tendency to _____ and thus a lower _____

A

dissociate; pka

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10
Q

When equal amounts of free acid and conjugate base are present : [HA] = ____

A

[A-]

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11
Q

All amino acids have at least ____ dissociable protons

A

2

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12
Q

What does a titration curve for glycine and other uncharged amino acids look like

A

pk1= 2.34 and pk2= 9.60

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13
Q

For acidic amino acids like glutamate and aspartate you get ____equivalents to give off because they have an extra charge side group

A

3

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14
Q

What does a titration curve for acidic amino acids like glutamate and aspartate look like

A

pk1= 2.19 pkR= 4.25 pk2= 9.67

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15
Q

What is unusual about the aa Histidine?

A

It is a basic aa that doesnt have a codon in the genetic code. It serves as a good H sensor. It’s pkR = 6 whereas in other aa pkR= 10

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16
Q

What does cysteine serve as

A

an oxidative stress sensor. It forms and breaks disulfide bonds under oxidative stress conditions

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17
Q

Why do drug pKa’s need to be neutral

A

To pass through membranes

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18
Q

How does pH dropping affect drug delivery

A

Drug becomes less affective. You need to use a lot more

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19
Q

What are peptide bonds. How are they formed?

A

amide bonds. They are formed by dehydration reactions

20
Q

Formation of a peptide bond removes the (-) and (+) charges of the _____ and ___ groups involved

A

caryboxyl and amino

21
Q

Overall charge of a protein is dependent on:

A
  1. The number of amino acids with charged R groups

2. the pH of the surroundings

22
Q

What is the intracellular fluid and urine dependent on

A

phosphate buffer and proteins

23
Q

What is the extracellular fluid and blood dependent on

A

bicarbonate buffer and proteins

24
Q

At physiological pH (7.0) the predominant form of the phosphate buffer system is the ______

A

conjugate base (proton acceptor)

25
Q

What is pH above 7.45 called

A

Alkalemia

26
Q

What is pH below 7.35 called

A

Acidemia

27
Q

What is acidosis

A

The process of becoming acidemic

28
Q

What is alkalosis

A

the process of becoming alkalemic

29
Q

How does acidosis or alkalosis happen

A

may be the result of respiratory or metabolic problems

30
Q

What is the major biological buffer of the blood

A

bicarbonate

31
Q

Why is CO2 considered to be an acid

A

It forms with water to form carbonic acid

32
Q

pH below _____ is lethal

A

6.8

33
Q

pH above ____ is lethal

A

7.8

34
Q

What is normal pH

A

7.4

35
Q

What is the ratio of bicarbonate buffer system to the phosphate buffer system

A

20:1

36
Q

How do you interpret arterial blood gas

A
  1. History and physical
  2. Look at the pH
  3. Look at PCO2 and HCO3-
    a. Distinguish initial change from compensatory response
    b. Intial change will be the abnormal value that correlates with the abnormal pH
37
Q

What is the initial chemical change and compensatory response for respiratory acidosis

A

High PCO2 and high HCO3-

38
Q

What is the initial chemical change and compensatory response for metabolic acidosis

A

Low bicarbonate and low PCO2

39
Q

What is the initial chemical change and compensatory response for respiratory alkalosis

A

Low PCO2, low bicarbonate

40
Q

What is the initial chemical change and compensatory response for metabolic alkalosis

A

High bicarbonate; and high PCO2

41
Q

What happens when you breathe slowly

A

You hold in more CO2, so your lungs decrease the amount of acid to compensate

42
Q

what does hypoventilation mean

A

Less C02 is being released. PCO2 increases, blood pH decreases

43
Q

What does hyperventilation mean

A

More CO2 is released; PCO2 decreases, blood pH increases

44
Q

What are some common causes of respiratory acidosis

A

Emphysema and depressed CNS respiratory center

45
Q

What are some common causes of respiratory alkalosis

A

Hysteria/hyperventilation, or high altitude

46
Q

What are some common causes of metabolic alkalosis

A

antacid abuse or excessive vomiting

47
Q

What are common causes of metabolic acidosis

A

diabetic ketoacidosis or lactic acidosis

MCBM (59 decks)

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