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MCBM > Amino Acid Synthesis > Flashcards

Amino Acid Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the diff bet essential and non essential aa

A

We get essential aa from our diet. We can’t get non essential aa from our diet–> we can synthesize them ourselves

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2
Q

What are the essential aa

A

Aromatics:

  1. Phe
  2. Trp

Basic:

  1. Lys
  2. His
  3. Arg (insufficient in infants)

Branched chain

  1. Ile
  2. Leu
  3. Val
  4. Thr
  5. Met (can be recycled)
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3
Q

What can be made from the transamination rxns?

A
  1. Alanine (pyruvate)
  2. Aspartate (oxaloacetate)
  3. Glutamate (alpha KG)
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4
Q

What are the non essential aa

A
  1. Serine
  2. Cysteine
  3. Glycine
  4. Proline
  5. Tyrosine
  6. Alanine
  7. Aspartate
  8. Glutamate
  9. Asparagine
  10. Glutamine
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5
Q

What is a precursor to the production of urea

A

argenine; regenerate ornithine to restart cycle

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6
Q

What is a pseudo essential aa

A

argenine and methionine. Argenine bec essential when you have + N for ex in pregnant women and infants and you dont have this cycle to generate argenine. Methionine can be recycled in met homocysteine pathway.

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7
Q

What are the two reactions that require B12 as a cofactor

A
  1. homocysteine pathway to form Met and THF

2. methylmalonylCoA –> succinyl CoA

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8
Q

Synthesis of non essential aa require ____ and ATP

A

NADPH

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9
Q

3 ____is required to make serine which condenses with _____ to make cysteine. It gets demethoxylated and become glycine

A

PG; homocysteine;

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10
Q

Pyruvate can directly transaminate to:

A

Alanine

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11
Q

Oxaloacetate can transanimtate to ______to make asparagine

A

aspartate

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12
Q

alpha KG can transaminate to _____ to make ______.

A

glutate; glutamine.

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13
Q

Phenylalanine + hydroxylase forms:

A

tyrosine

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14
Q

3 Phosphoglycerate is the starting point for which aa?

A
  1. Serine
  2. Glycine
  3. Cysteine
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15
Q

Folate = ______ for glycine

A

methyl group acceptor

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16
Q

Once you have serine you can condense it with _____ to make cystathionine and rehydrate it with _____ to make ______

A

cystathione B synthase; cystathione gamme lyase; cysteine

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17
Q

Serine + _____ form cysteine

A

homocysteine.

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18
Q

cysteine has a backbone from serine and S group from:

A

homocysteine

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19
Q

If your deficient in cystathione synthase you will have an excess of _____ in your system which is prominent in cardiovascular disease.

A

homocysteine. It can result from THF, B12, or B6 deficiencies.

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20
Q

Asparagine synthesis uses ___as N donor

A

glutamine

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21
Q

Glutamine is the main repository for _____. Reversal of reaction produces ____

A

NH3. Glutamate

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22
Q

What are the different ways to make glutamate?

A
  1. Transamination of alpha KG
  2. Oxidative deanimation via glutamate dehydrogenase
  3. Glutamine can be hyrolyzed with glutaminase
  4. Several amino acids convert to Glu: Proline, Argenine/ornithine, Histidine
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23
Q

How do you make proline?

A

Catabolized to glutamate. The reversal of this reaction is the synthesis of proline.

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24
Q

How is tyrosine made?

A

By hydroxylation of phenylalanine; catalyzed by phenylalanine hydroxylase (which is deficient in PKU; requires tetrahydrobiopterin and NADPH)

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25
Q

what are some biological molecules derived from aa

A
  1. GABA
  2. Histamine
  3. Thyroid hormones
  4. norepinephrine
  5. glutathione
  6. creatine
  7. serotonin
  8. acetylcholine
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26
Q

Removal of COO- requires the enzyme _____ which uses ___ as a cofactor

A

decarboxylase; pyridoxine (vitamin B6)

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27
Q

addition of OH requires the enzyme ____ _____ which requires _____ and ____as a cofactor

A

hydroxylases and oxidases; tetrahydrobiopterin, and ascorbate

28
Q

addition of methyl group requires the enzyme ____ which uses ____ and ____ as a cofacfor

A

methyl transferase; tetrahydrofolate, SAM

29
Q

Nuerotransmitter signals are _____. Some are degraded of altered in synaptic cleft which include ____ via acetylcholinesterase and norepinephrine via _____ _____. Some neurotransmitters are endocytosed, such as ____.

A

transient; acetylcholine; monoamine oxidase; serotonin

30
Q

Acetylcholine is derived from:

A

serine

31
Q

choline + acetyl coA makes;

A

acetylcholine

32
Q

serine turns into ____when you take off carbon dioxide which can turn into choline by methylating it via SAM

A

ethanolamine

33
Q

What are some things that target acetylcholine metabolism

A
  1. Botox: block Ach secretion
  2. Cognex: slows acetylcholinesterase - potentiates it. Drug used for alzheimers
  3. Sarin: blocks acetylcholinesterase. Once acetyl choline is released you get rigid convulsions.
  4. Atropine: blocks acetylcholine receptor.
34
Q

What is GABA derived from

A

glutamate (it gets decarboxylated via glutamate decarboxylase)

35
Q

GABA is an _____neurotransmitter. It acts by increasing ____ permeability of post synaptic neuron

A

inhibitory; K+

36
Q

GABBA is deficient in ______ and epilepsy

A

Huntington’s chorea. Spasticity is in common. Things are hyper firing bc their not being more negatively charged.

37
Q

GABA inhibition in brain is potentiated by

A

valium, librium, and alcohol

38
Q

What stuff comes from tyrosine

A
  1. Thyroid hormones; T3 and T4
  2. Neurotransmitters/hormones: DOPA, dopamine, norepi, and epi
  3. Pigment compounds: melanin
39
Q

In people who have Parkinson’s in where dopamine is deficient they treat them with ____bc its not charged.

A

DOPA

40
Q

If DOPA gets shunted off to form dopaquinone from this you form ____

A

melanin

41
Q

dopamine is increased in ____ and cocaine and amphetamines and decreased by ___ and haldol

A

schizophrenia; thorazine

42
Q

Serotonin is derived from:

A

tryptophan

43
Q

Trp is ____ then decarboxylated to form serotonin. Serotonin is a potent _____ found in brain, platelets and mast cells and is also considered a major regulator of mood.

A

vasoconstrictor.

44
Q

what can serotonin be converted to. SSRIs block reuptake of serotonin.

A

melatonin in pineal gland.

45
Q

Tryptophan is the precursor of ____, the ring portion of NAD and NADP

A

niacin

46
Q

what is histamine derived from and how does this work

A

histadine; gets decarboxylated via histidine decarboxylase. Histamine acts as a potent vasodilator.

47
Q

what is an H2 receptor antagonist that has similar structure to histamine

A

Tagamet

48
Q

what is nitric oxide derived from

A

argenine via nitric oxide synthase. NO is a potent vasodilator and free radical which helps combat bacterial pathogens.

49
Q

what is glutathione made from and what is it

A
  1. Glutamate
  2. Glycine
  3. Cysteine

Its a strong reducing agent. There is no gene or mRNA for GSH.

50
Q

what is creatine phosphate made from

A
  1. argenine
  2. glycine
  3. methionone
51
Q

creatine phosphate can phosphorylate ADP to ____. Both creatine and creatine phosphate are metabolized to ____. Inc excretion of creatinine is indicative of kidney damage

A

ATP; creatinine

52
Q

Polyamines are positively charged and are made from____ Polyamines complex with ___ during compaction

A

ornithine and Met; DNA

53
Q

what are the three polyamines

A
  1. putrecine
  2. spermidine
  3. spermine
54
Q

what is carnitine made from. what are the aa precursors?what is it used as?

A

trimethyllysine. Lysine, Met (SAM). acyl group carrier

55
Q

where is heme synthesized

A

liver and bone marrow

56
Q

what is the first step of heme synthesis

A

glycine + succinylCoA to make aminolevulinic acid (in mitochondria)

57
Q

what is second step of HS

A

2 aminolevulinic acid to make prophobilinogen (in cytosol)

58
Q

what is third step of HS

A

4 porphobilinogens to make linear tetrapyrrole (in cytosol)

59
Q

what is the fourth step of HS

A

tetrapyrrole cyclization (in cytosol)

60
Q

what is 5th step of HS:

A

side group rearrangments, addition of Fe++ (in mitochondria)

61
Q

Tetrapyrrole cyclization requires enzyme uroporphyrinogen I synthase and the coenzyme:

A

uroporphyrinogen III cosynthase

62
Q

Deficiencies in the Urophorphyrinogen enzymes can cause:

A

porphyrias

  1. synthase (not making enough heme): acute intermittent; dark urine (liver defect), episodic bouts of irrational behavior, paralysis or severe pain, hypertension
  2. cosynthase (dont get AP switch): congenital erythropoietic; premature destruction of RBS, red urine, skin is sensitive to light and red teeth
63
Q

Fe++ is inserted by what to form heme

A

ferrochelatase

64
Q

how is heme degraded

A
  1. RBC break down in the spleen and release heme.
  2. Heme gets degraded to biliverdin and CO and free Fe++
  3. Biliverdin gets converted to bilirubin which is carried by albumin through the BS to the liver.
  4. Bilirubin is converted to bilirubin diglucuronide for excretion into small intestine with bile.
65
Q

What can liver damage or blocked bile ducts cause

A

jaundice

66
Q

Heme oxygenase makes

A

carbon monoxide

67
Q

what are the precursors for Heme

A

glycine and succinyl CoA

MCBM (59 decks)

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