Lipids

Question 1

What are the lipid classes

Answer 1

1. Free fatty acids: Energy FAs
2. Glycerolipids: Energy FA’s; triglyceride storage form
3. Glycerophospholipids: found in cell membrane
4. Sphingolipids: found in cell membrane
5. Eicosinoids: signal transduction. prostaglandins, autocrine/paracrine (act locally) in inflammatory or splinter response
6. Sterols: cholesterol derivatives ; hormones, vitamins
7. Prenols: Vitamin A; metabolic intermediate

Question 2

What is ex of free fatty acid

Answer 2

palmitate (16 c and no DB; saturated)

Question 3

What is ex of glycerolipids

Answer 3

Di and Triacylglycerols

Question 4

What is ex of glycerophospholipds

Answer 4

phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol

Question 5

what is ex of sphingolipids

Answer 5

sphingomyelin, ceramide

Question 6

what is ex of eicosinoids

Answer 6

prostaglandins

Question 7

What is ex of sterols

Answer 7

cholesterol

Question 8

what is ex of prenols

Answer 8

retinol, ubiquinone

Question 9

Which type of fat is most prevalent in the human body

Answer 9

unsaturated fats with one DB

Question 10

Polyunsatured fats:

Answer 10

fatty acids with two or more double acids; PUFAs

Question 11

LDL is considered to be :

Answer 11

bad cholesterol

Question 12

palmitic fatty acid is impt for

Answer 12

metabolism

Question 13

Linoleic acid and LInolenic are imortant:

Answer 13

PUFA’s; we have to get them from diet; linoleic acid is precursor for arachidonic acid

Question 14

Saturated fats elevate ___levels

Answer 14

cholesterol

Question 15

Monounsaturated fats lower ___ and ___

Answer 15

LDL and cholesterol

Question 16

Polyunsaturated fats

Answer 16

lineoleic and linoleic acid are essential FA’s

Question 17

Omega 3 fatty acids importance:

Answer 17

Limolenic acid is most important!

• Reduce’s BP and heart rate
• anti arrhythmic
• anti-thrombotic
• anti inflammatory

Question 18

What is a storage lipid

Answer 18

triacylglycerols

Question 19

What are the membrane lipids

Answer 19

phospholipids: glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids
glycolipids: sphingolipids

Question 20

What do storage lipids consist of

Answer 20

ester bond bet glycerol and FA which neutralizes charge on acid
-main storage form of energy

Question 21

Fat is our major ___store

Answer 21

fuel

Question 22

What does adipose tissue consist of

Answer 22

65% triglyceride
very metabolically active
hormonally regulated
storage tissue for FA/energy; quickly releases free FA when needed

Question 23

Which hormone is the fuel mobilizer

Answer 23

glucagon; mobilizes fat

Question 24

Protein in blood thats carrier for everything

Answer 24

albumin; catch all carrier molecule; carries free FA released from adipose to the body

Question 25

Membrane lipids consist of phospholipids which consists of:

Answer 25

glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids

Question 26

Glycerophospholipids consist of:

Answer 26

1. glycerol back bone, 2 fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group + alcohol; If head group substituent is = H; then its would be called phosphatidic acid

Question 27

What is phosphotidil inositil important for

Answer 27

cell signaling; helps to activate protein kinase C which is involved in Ca++ release

Question 28

What is cardiolipin

Answer 28

a special glycerophospholipid found in inner mitochondrial membrane; found in heart muscle and important in organizeing complexes of ETC and making permeability transition pore that opens up cytochrome c which triggers the apoptotic pathway in cell death.

Question 29

What is abnormal cardiolipin associated with

Answer 29

alzheimers and parkinsons disease as well as Barth syndrome which is an X-linked disorder caused by defect in cardiolipin processing protein

Question 30

What are the functions of glycerophospholipids

Answer 30

Membrane: Interact with cell- cell interactions, cell-matrix interactions, lipid anchors for proteins Messenging: Reservoir for arachidonic acid, reservoir for inositol (for cell signaling) Misc: lung surfactant, platelet activating factor (PAF); special ether derivative impt in clotting

Question 31

Where does Phospholipase A1 cut

Answer 31

at number one position

Question 32

Where does Phospholipase A2 cut

Answer 32

at number 2 position; important enzyme in synthesis of ichosinoids

Question 33

What is importance of phospholipase C

Answer 33

important in cell signaling bc it releases inositol group

Question 34

What is importance of ether linked glycerophospholipids

Answer 34

1. Formation of Plasmalogen 2. Formation of platelet activating factor - Overall importance is blood clotting

Question 35

Sphingolipids have ____backnbone

Answer 35

serine

Question 36

What are characteristics of sphingolipids

Answer 36

- A type of phospholipid NOT derived from fat - Found primarily in nerve tissue/myelin sheath - 25% of lipids found in humans

Question 37

If H at number 3 position of sphingolipid it would be called a

Answer 37

ceramide; a signaling molecule

Question 38

Functions of sphingolipids

Answer 38

Mediate: cell-cell interactions, cell-matrix interactions, cell-microbe interactions Modulate: Antiproliferative responses, protein kinase activity, growth factor receptor activity Maintain: structural rigidity in membranes, membrane protein conformation

Question 39

Instead of forming a ceramide or phosphotil choline, sphingolipids can form a ____on "X"

Answer 39

sugar

Question 40

What are the sugar backbones that can form on sphingolipids

Answer 40

glycosphingolipids, globosides, and gangliosides; depending on how many sugars are added in the presence or absence of NAN

Question 41

O- antigen is a:

Answer 41

sphingosine + FA + sugars

Question 42

If NAN attached on glycosphingolipid then you have what type of antigen

Answer 42

A antigen

Question 43

Just a galatose on the end = what type of antigen

Answer 43

B antigen

Question 44

``` O= universal donor AB = universal ____ ```

Answer 44

recipient

Question 45

What are lysosomal storage disorders

Answer 45

Hexosaminidase A deficiency is common in Osh Kinosi Jewish population that causes Tay Sachs; children dev normally and then reverting and losing ability to do anything and die at a young age.

Question 46

What is derived from arachidonic acid

Answer 46

Eicosinoids; has 4 DB; important PUFA to make prostaglandins, thromoxane and leukotriene

Question 47

What can block Prostaglandin and Thromboxane synthesis

Answer 47

NSAIDs

Question 48

What are the function of Eicosinoids

Answer 48

1. Mediate inflammatory resoponses | 2. Mediate allergic reactions-->bronchoconstriction

Question 49

What are the three types of eicosinoids

Answer 49

1. Prostaglandins 2. Thromboxanes 3. Leukotrienes

Question 50

What are the function of prostaglandins

Answer 50

1. reg smooth muscle contraction and steroid production. 2. inhibit gastric secretion and hormone sensitive lipase 3. inhibit/stimulate platelet aggregation 4. Ref nerve transmission and sensitization to pain 5. mediate inflammatory response 6.

Question 51

what are the function of thromboxanes

Answer 51

1. made in platelets 2. induce platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction 3. induce lymphocyte proliferation 4. induce bronchoconstriction.

Question 52

What are the function of leukotrienes

Answer 52

1. involved in allergic and inflammatory responses 2. made in WBC's and epithelial cells 3. induce leukocyte cheotaxis and aggregation

Question 53

What is the function of cholesterol

Answer 53

hydrophobic except for one polar hydroxyl group.

Question 54

What is the biggest product of cholesterol metabolism

Answer 54

Bile salts; they emulsify fat during digestion to help it get digested properly.

Question 55

___hormones are derived from cholesterol

Answer 55

steroid; in adrenal cortex (cortisol and aldosterone) which we use for inflammation. cortisol has effects on metabolism.

Question 56

What are prenols

Answer 56

Vitamin A and Vitamin E and K, Warfarin and ubiquinone.