Thermodynamics

Question 1

What is the first law of thermodynamics

Answer 1

Conservation of energy: Energy remains constant; it may change from one form to another but it cant be created or destroyed.

Question 2

What is the second law of thermodynamics

Answer 2

In all natural processes, the entropy of the universe increases. Total entropy includes both the system and surroundings

Question 3

Living organisms are ____systems

Answer 3

open

Question 4

We can ___order within ourselves but ____order in our surroundings.

Answer 4

create; decrease

Question 5

We extract energy from nutrients via _____reactions

Answer 5

catabolic

Question 6

We use energy for work:

Answer 6

motion, ionic/electrical gradients, anabolic reactions,

Question 7

____processes produce simple components and increase entropy

Answer 7

Catabolic

Question 8

____processes use simple components and decrease entropy

Answer 8

Anabolic

Question 9

Gibbs free energy is defined in terms of:

Answer 9

1. Enthalpy: a measure of heat energy that reflects bond formation and breakage
2. Entropy (S): randomness
3. Temperature (T): in K

Question 10

If delta H is greater than 0=

Answer 10

endothermic; heat energy is absorbed

Question 11

If delta H is less than 0

Answer 11

exothermic; heat energy is released

Question 12

By convention delta S is positive when

Answer 12

entropy increases

Question 13

By convention delta H is negative when

Answer 13

heat is released to the surroundings

Question 14

By convention T is always

Answer 14

positive

Question 15

Endergonic reactions require ____ of energy (positive delta G); and its thermodynamically _____

Answer 15

input; unfavorable

Question 16

Exergonic reactions ____energy (negative delta G); and its thermodynamically ____ and _____

Answer 16

release; favorable and spontaneous

Question 17

Endergonic reactions can be coupled to ____reactions to drive a thermodynamically unfavorable process forward, often by coupling to the hydrolysis of ____

Answer 17

exergonic; ATP

Question 18

Equilibrium is formation of products = formation of _____

Answer 18

reactants

Question 19

Delta G of chemical reactions is alternative of equilibrium contant:

Answer 19

Keq

Question 20

Equilibrium constant is constant as ratio of products over

Answer 20

reactants

Question 21

If Keq is greater than 1, then:

Answer 21

products is greater than reactants and the reaction goes forward

Question 22

If Keq is less than 1 then:

Answer 22

Products is less than reactants and the reaction goes in reverse

Question 23

If Keq is = 1 then:

Answer 23

products is equal to reactants. There is no reaction

Question 24

Delta G is actual energy used for ___

Answer 24

analysis

Question 25

Delta G with degrees is ____condition

Answer 25

standard; used for general comparison

Question 26

Delta G with degrees and prime is used for ______standard conditions

Answer 26

biological

Question 27

Delta G degrees and prime is equal to

Answer 27

-RTln Keq

Question 28

Reaction rate depends on ____ energy

Answer 28

activation

Question 29

If delta G prime and degrees is greater than 23 kj/mol or Keq is less than 10^-4 the reaction is biologically

Answer 29

irreversible

Question 30

Overall free energy change is :

Answer 30

additive

Question 31

Overall equilibrium constant is :

Answer 31

multiplicative

Question 32

RT =

Answer 32

2.478 kJ/mole

Question 33

Delta G prime and degrees is equal to

Answer 33

-RTlnKeq

Question 34

If we remove product as it is formed, then product will be low and overall delta G can be be ____even if Delta G prime with degrees is greater than 0

Answer 34

negative

Question 35

When Keq is greater than 1:

Answer 35

Delta G prime +degrees is negative and the reaction proceeds forward

Question 36

When Keq is 1:

Answer 36

Delta G prime +degrees is 0 and the reaction is at equilibrium

Question 37

When Keq is less than 1

Answer 37

Delta G prime + degrees is positive and the reaction proceeds in reverse

Question 38

How much ATP is in the body?

Answer 38

100g

Question 39

How much ATP does a resting human consume per day

Answer 39

40 kg

Question 40

How fast is ATP typically consumed

Answer 40

Usually within 1 minute of formation

Question 41

How does ATP store energy

Answer 41

1. charge repulsion relieved when hydrolized 2. resonance stabilization of Pi 3. Ionization of ADP 4. Stabilization of ADP by Mg2+ chelation 5. Maintain low ATP concentration

Question 42

What is PEP

Answer 42

member of glycolytic pathway used by bacteria as energy source to conserve ATP

Question 43

Catabolic processes are ____ and _____

Answer 43

exergonic (produce energy) and oxidative (produce NADH/NADPH)

Question 44

Anabolic processes are _____ and _____

Answer 44

endergonic (require energy) and reductive ( use NADH/NADPH)

Question 45

Oxidation is ____of electrons

Answer 45

loss

Question 46

Reduction is ____of electrons

Answer 46

gain

Question 47

Redox reactions are driven by

Answer 47

electron transfer

Question 48

Electrons are transferred by 4 methods:

Answer 48

1. directly as electrons 2. as H atoms 3. as a hydride ion 4. direct combination with oxygen

Question 49

___ _____ is commonly used to designate a single electron equivalent participating in an oxidation-reduction reaction regardless of which of the four is the electron source.

Answer 49

Reducing equivalent

Question 50

What is nitric oxide (NO)

Answer 50

A gaseous hormone

Question 51

Biological redox largely based on the aa:

Answer 51

cysteine

Question 52

Redox reactions happen in pairs called:

Answer 52

Redox couple

Question 53

Enzymes that catalyze these reactions are called

Answer 53

dehydrogenases

Question 54

Electron accepting molecule is the ____agent has and a ____E delta prime

Answer 54

oxidizing; positive

Question 55

Electron donating molecule is the ____agent and has a ____E delta prime

Answer 55

reducing; negative

Question 56

In a redox couple, the molecule with the more _____E delta prime will accept electrons and get _____; it has the greater ____ _____

Answer 56

positive; reduced; reduction potential

Question 57

A more positive delta E prime gives you a more ___delta G prime

Answer 57

negative

Question 58

What are some characteristics of NADH and NADPH

Answer 58

1. Freely soluble (not protein bound) 2. Transfers 2 electrons, 1 proton 3. Has a fixed E delta prime

Question 59

In riboflavin aka Vitamin B2:

Answer 59

Dela E prime is not fixed