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2 Opthalmology > Visual Loss > Flashcards

Visual Loss Flashcards

1
Q

causes of sudden visual loss?

A 
vascular
vitreous haemorrhage
retinal detachment
macular degeneration (age)
closed angle glaucoma
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2
Q

is a vascular problem likely to cause sudden or gradual vision loss

A

sudden

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3
Q

main blood supply of the eye?

A

branches of the opthalmic artery

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4
Q

name 2 ways in which a vascular problem can present in the eye?

A

occlusion

haemorrhage

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5
Q

what vessel occlusions can cause sudden visual loss

A

central retinal artery

optic nerve head circulation

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6
Q

what vessel haemorrhaes can cause sudden visual loss?

A

abnormal blood vessels eg diabetes

retinal tear

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7
Q

how much of the retina is supplied by the central retinal artery?

A

inner 2/3

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8
Q

what is the blood supply to the outer 1/3rd of the retina

A

choroid

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9
Q

symptoms of a central retinal artery occlusion?

A

sudden visual loss

painless

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10
Q

signs of CRAO on examination?

A

relative afferent pupil defect

pale oedematous retina, thread like vessels

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11
Q

main cause of CRAO?

A

carotid artery disease

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12
Q

opthalmic management of CRAO?

A

ocular massage if it presents within 24hrs

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13
Q

vascular management of CRAO?

A

doppler to find source

manage and assess risk factors

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14
Q

what eye occlusion presents with a “curtain coming down” over the eye?

A

transient CRAO

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15
Q

how long does transient CRAO last for?

A

5 mins

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16
Q

signs of transient CRAO on exam?

A

usually nothing

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17
Q

Tx of TRAO?

A

aspirin

refer to stroke clinic

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18
Q

list the components of virchow’s triad?

A

atherosclerosis
hypertension
hyperviscosity

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19
Q

what kind of eye problem can an issue with virchow’s triad cause?

A

CRVO

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20
Q

how severe and sudden is the onset of visual loss in CRVO?

A

moderate to severe loss

very sudden

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21
Q

signs of CRVO on fundoscopy?

A

retinal haemorrhages
dilated tortuous veins
disc and macular swelling

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22
Q

Tx for CRVO?

A

monitor
anti-VEGF
lifestyle change

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23
Q

main cause of sudden visual loss in arteries?

A

embolism

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24
Q

main cause of sudden visual loss in veins?

A

stasis

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25
Q

what artery other than the central retinal artery can cause sudden visual loss when occluded?

A

branch retinal artery

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26
Q

does an arterial or venous occlusion look pale on fundoscopy?

A

arterial

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27
Q

2 sources of haemorrhage in the eye?

A

abnormal blood vessels

retinal tear

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28
Q

another phrase for occlusion of the optic nerve head circulation?

A

ischaemic optic neuropathy

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29
Q

what vessels become infarcted to cause ischaemic optic neuropathy?

A

posterior ciliary arteries

30
Q

sudden, profound vision loss with a swollen disc?

A

ischaemic optic neuropathy

31
Q

name the 2 types of ION and what causes them?

A

arteritic- GCA

non-arteritic- atherosclerosis

32
Q

what does the disc look like in ION?

A

pale and swollen

33
Q

ION is irreversible T or F

A

T

34
Q

Tx for ION caused by GCA?

A

immediate high dose systemic steroid

35
Q

where does a haemorrhage often go into in the eye?

A

vitreous cavity

36
Q

bleeding from a retinal tear occurs from new vessels: T or F

A

F, comes from normal vessels

37
Q

bleeding from a retinal vein occlusion occurs from new vessels T or F?

A

T

38
Q

symptoms of vitreous haemorrhage?

A

loss of vision

floaters

39
Q

what condition presents with loss of red reflex?

A

vitreous haemorrhage

40
Q

Tx for vitreous haemorrhage?

A

vitrectomy

41
Q

loss of vision in retinal detachment is painful T or F?

A

F

42
Q

symptoms of retinal detachment?

A

painless loss of vision
flashes
floaters

43
Q

do you get relative afferent pupillary defects in retinal detachments?

A

yes

44
Q

what is ARMD?

A

age related macular degeneration

45
Q

symptoms of wet ARMD?

A

rapid central visual loss

distorsion

46
Q

signs of wet ARMD on fundoscopy?

A

haemorrhage

exudate

47
Q

Tx of wet ARMD?

A

anti-VEGF treatment

48
Q

another word for progressive optic neuropathy

A

glaucoma

49
Q

how can glaucoma cause visual loss?

A

can get optic nerve damage

50
Q

presentation of closed angle glaucoma

A 
painful red eye
visual loss
headache
nausea
vomiting
51
Q

cause of closed angle glaucoma?

A

aqueous humour faces resistance causing increased intraocular pressure

52
Q

does gradual visual loss usually occur bilaterally or unilaterally?

A

bilaterally

53
Q

causes of gradual visual loss?

A 
cataract
ARMD
refractive error
glaucoma
diabetic retinopathy
54
Q

“cloudiness of the lens” is experienced in what?

A

cataract

55
Q

why should you check red reflex in neonates?

A

intrauterine infection can cause congenital cataract

56
Q

what type of cataract is referred to as “christmas tree cataract”?

A

polychromatic cataract

57
Q

cataract symptoms?

A

gradual decline in vision

glare

58
Q

treatment of cataract?

A

surgical removal with intraocular lens implant if patient is symptomatic

59
Q

difference between dry and wet macular degeneration?

A 
dry= gradual reduction in vision
wet= sudden reduction in vision
60
Q

what part of the vision is missing in dry ARMD?

A

central vision

61
Q

symptoms of dry ARMD?

A

gradual decline in vision

central vision missing

62
Q

what is drusens sign?

A

build up of waste products below RPE

63
Q

appearance of dry ARMD on fundoscopy?

A

atrophic patches of retina

64
Q

Tx of dry ARMD?

A

no cure; supportive

65
Q

what is a refractive error?

A

eye cannot focus on an image clearly

66
Q

what is myopia?

A

short sightedness

67
Q

what is hypermetropia?

A

long sightedness

68
Q

what is astigmatism?

A

irregular corneal curvature

69
Q

what is presbyopia?

A

loss of accommodation with aging

70
Q

what type of glaucoma can present with no symptoms?

A

open angle

71
Q

signs of glaucoma on fundoscopy?

A

cupped disc
visual field defect
high IOP

72
Q

Tx of open angle glaucoma?

A

eye drops
laser
surgery
to preserve vision

2 Opthalmology (13 decks)

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