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2 Opthalmology > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

main component of CSF

A

water

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2
Q

what produces CSF?

A

secretory epithelium of the choroid plexus

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3
Q

how much ml of CSF is made per day?

A

500ml

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4
Q

how much CSF is present in the CNS?

A

150ml

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5
Q

how many choroid plexuses are there and where are they located?

A

4

the ventricles of the brain

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6
Q

explain the direction CSF travels in starting from its production

A 
lateral ventricles
via interventricular foramina to 3rd ventricle
via aqueduct to 4th ventricle
subarachnoid space
venous circulation
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7
Q

3 main functions of CSF

A

protect brain tissue
maintains homeostasis
create a medium between BBB

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8
Q

how is CSF tested clinically?

A

lumbar puncture

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9
Q

what should normal CSF look like?

A

clear

colourless

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10
Q

CSF has lots of proteins and antibodies T or F

A

F, has very little

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11
Q

cause of hydrocephalus?

A

accumulation of CSF in the brain due to overproduction or obstruction

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12
Q

what does the choroid plexus derive from embryologically?

A

cells in the walls of the ventricles

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13
Q

what ventricles is choroid plexus found in?

A

3rd
4th
lateral (2)

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14
Q

what is the choroid plexus?

A

networks of capillaries in walls of the brain ventricles

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15
Q

what causes the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

ions eg Na needing to be transported from the blood

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16
Q

why is the CSF mainly composed of water?

A

water crosses the membrane from the blood because ions have crossed (osmosis)

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17
Q

what separates the lateral and third ventricles?

A

foramina of monroe

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18
Q

what separates the 3rd and 4th ventricles?

A

cerebral aqueduct

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19
Q

what makes up the final portion of CSF?

A

brain interstitial fluid

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20
Q

what cells are the site of the blood brain barrier?

A

endothelial cells in brain capillaries

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21
Q

3 layers of the blood brain barrier?

A

capillary endothelium
basal membrane
perivascular astrocytes

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22
Q

main obstacle for drug delivery to the CNS?

A

BBB

23
Q

common location for a colloid cyst?

A

often at the interventricular foramen

24
Q

patient with headache and poor vision; no sign of hydrocephalus on CT but dos have increased CSF pressure?

A

idiopathic intracranial HT

25
Q

what is papilloedema?

A

optic disc swelling due to increased intracranial pressure

26
Q

what causes the visual loss in papilloedema?

A

subarachnoid space surrounds the optic nerve and when there is increased pressure there it will compress the nerve

27
Q

visual symptoms of papilloedema?

A

enlarged blind spot
blurred vision
visual obscurations
loss of vision

28
Q

is Cl more concentrated in the blood or CSF?

A

CSF

29
Q

causes of papilloedema?

A

increased cranial pressure

inadequate CSF drainage

30
Q

what makes aqueous humour?

A

ciliary body

31
Q

where is the ciliary body?

A

lateral to the lens

32
Q

name the 2 layers covering the ciliary body?

A

pigment epithelium of the retina

non pigmented epithelium of the retina

33
Q

how to ions get to and from the pigmented and non pigmented epithelial cells

A

gap junctions

34
Q

what molecule is essential for aqueous humour present?

A

HCO3

35
Q

cause of the raised intraocular pressure in glaucoma?

A

imbalance between the rates of secretion and removal of aqueous humour

36
Q

what kind of signal does light have to be in order to be processed by the brain?

A

electrical

37
Q

where do the ganglion cell axons project to in the retina?

A

the forebrain

38
Q

what structures of the eye focus light on the retina?

A

cornea

lens

39
Q

list the 4 main regions of a photoreceptor

A

outer segment eg rod/cone
inner segment
cell body
synaptic terminal

40
Q

is the resting Vm of photoreceptors more positive or negative than other neurons?

A

positive

41
Q

what effect does light have on the Vm of photoreceptors?

A

hyperpolarises it (makes it more negative)

42
Q

why is the Vm of a photoreceptor so positive?

A

cGMP gated Na channel is OPEN in the dark and closes when there is light

43
Q

main visual pigment in rods?

A

rhodopsin

44
Q

average current of a photoreceptor?

A

-29 to -40mV

45
Q

what does rhodopsin consist of?

A

retinal + opsin

46
Q

what does the retinal part of rhodopsin do?

A

activates transducin (GPCR) which activates cGMP to close Na channels

47
Q

what kind of vision do rods allow?

A

seeing in dim light

48
Q

what kind of vision do cones allow?

A

seeing in normal daylight

49
Q

do rodes or cones have higher convergence and why?

A

rods

want to have more sensitive (eg to light) than acute vision

50
Q

what does high convergence mean?

A

large spacing and number of cells to one ganglion

51
Q

where in the retina are rods located?

A

peripheral retina

52
Q

where in the retina are cones located?

A

centrally

53
Q

do cones or rods provide visual acuity?

A

cones

54
Q

what is retinotopy?

A

separation of the retina

2 Opthalmology (13 decks)

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