The Eye in Systemic Disease

Question 1

why do you get microaneurysms in diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 1

chronic hyperglycaemia causes:
glycosylation of protein/basement membrane
this causes loss of pericytes = microaneurysm

Question 2

2 things caused by microaneurysms ?

Answer 2

leakage

ischaemia

Question 3

microaneurysms
dot blot haemorrhages
cotton wool spots:
what stage of DR is this?

Answer 3

non proliferative

Question 4

2 types of neovascular formation?

Answer 4

neovascularisation of disc (NVD)

neovascularisation of periphery (NVE)

Question 5

what causes loss of vision in DR patients?

Answer 5

retinal oedema
vitreous haemorrhage
scarring
retinal detachment

Question 6

3 stages of retinopathy?

Answer 6

no retinopathy
non proliferative retinopathy
proliferative retinopathy

Question 7

name the 4 stages of maculopathy

Answer 7

no maculopathy
observable maculopathy
referrable maculopathy
clinically significant maculopathy

Question 8

management of diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 8

pan retinal laser coagulation (PRP)

vitrectomy

Question 9

features of hypertensive retinopathy

Answer 9

cotton wool spots
hard exudate
retinal haemorrhage
optic disc oedema
"copper/silver wiring" appearance of bv's

Question 10

who gets accelerated hypertension?

Answer 10

young people

Question 11

sudden painless yet profound loss of vision?

Answer 11

occlusion of an artery/vein

Question 12

what is a cherry red spot?

Answer 12

swollen nerve fibre layer becomes swollen except at fovea

Question 13

where is the cherry red spot usually located?

Answer 13

the fovea

Question 14

what does it mean if an eye is rubeotic?

Answer 14

neovascularisation of iris

Question 15

what is TED?

Answer 15

thyroid eye disease

Question 16

extraocular features of thyroid eye disease

Answer 16

proptosis
lid retraction/oedema/lag
restrictive myopathy

Question 17

ocular features of anterior segment thyroid eye disease?

Answer 17

chemosis
injection
exposure
glaucoma

Question 18

ocular features of posterior segment thyroid eye disease?

Answer 18

choroidal folds

optic nerve swelling

Question 19

Tx of TED

Answer 19

lubricants
surgical decompression
control of thyroid dysfunction

Question 20

SLE effect on eye?

Answer 20

ocular inflammation

Question 21

RA effect on eye?

Answer 21

dry eyes
scleritis
corneal melt

Question 22

sjogrens triad?

Answer 22

dry eyes
xerostomia aka dry mouth
RA

Question 23

effect of stephen johnson syndrome on eye?

Answer 23

symblepharon
lacrimal gland occlusion
corneal ulcers

Question 24

what is a symblepharon

Answer 24

adhesion of bulbar conjunctiva to palpebral conjunctiva