Clinical Eye Assessment Flashcards
what does vertical double vision present as?
one on top of the other eg :
what does horizontal double vision present as?
one next to the other eg - -
how can you tell if eye movement on examination is not complete?
if there is visible sclera left on the side the eye is moving to
functions of the IO muscle?
moves the eye up and in
functions of the SR muscle?
moves the eye up and out
what muscle has the biggest role in distance vision
LR
Tx for double vision?
prism glasses
what test is performed to look for squints?
cover test
what decreases a red reflex?
an obstruction between the retina and the opthalmoscope
what should the cup to disc ratio of an eye be?
0.2-0.3
what condition presents with a large cup
glaucoma
what is the area called in between the cup and disc?
neuroretinal rim
is the optic nerve an afferent or efferent?
afferent
how wide is the optic disc?
1.5mm
name the 3 C’s used to describe the optic disc
cup
colour
contour
how should the contour of the optic disc be described
fuzzy or well-defined
what is considered a normal colour of the optic disc
peachy
why can the optic disc appear white?
decreased myelin or blood vessels
what condition presents with no cup at all?
papilloedema
what is the contour of the disc like in papilloedema?
fuzzy
blood vessels are normal in papilloedema T or F
F, there are haemorrhages
conditions that cause visual field loss?
glaucoma
pituitary adenoma
stroke
what eye functions does the optic nerve control?
pupillary reflex
colour vision
depth perception
peripheral vision
homonymous hemianopia will only occur if the defect is beyond the optic chiasm T or F
T
central portion of the visual field is more sensitive to red light than white T or F
T
what 2 conditions cause a pathological blindspot
optic neuritis
papilloedema
what is homomenous hemianopia?
loss of the nasal half of one eye and the temporal half of the other
what is an esotropia
squint where the eye turns inwards
also called convergent squint
what is an exotropia
squint where the eye faces outwards
also called divergent squint
what is diplopia?
double vision
how are corneal reflections used in visual field assessment?
if corneal reflections are symmetrical the patient probably doesnt have a squint
you can get a squint in both eyes T or F
F-ish, its very very rare
horizontal double vision is usually caused by a problem with what muscles
LR
MR
is the cover test done with or without glasses?
with
is the motility test done with or without glasses?
without
what result will someone with horizontal double vision get on cover test?
esotropia/exotropia
what result will someone with vertical double vision get on cover test?
hypertropia
hypotropia
vertical double vision is a problem of what muscles?
SO
SR
IO
IR
what does 6/6 vision mean?
you can see the the line corresponding to the number 6 (the bottom line) 6m away from the snellan chart
if you can read 3 out of 5 letters on the line corresponding to number 6, what vision do you have?
6/6 minus 2
how can you tell whether visual loss is due to pathology or just refractive error?
do pinhole test; if eyesight is better the eye is healthy
what is RAPD?
relative afferent pupillary defect (pupil stays dilated when light is shone on it)
3 elements of the accommodation reflex?
convergence
miosis
lens shortens and thickens
damage to the upper part of the optic disc will affect what part of the vision?
lower portion
what causes glaucoma?
increased pressure in the eye causes loss of the retinal nerve fibre layer
cause of cupping?
atrophy of retinal nerve fibres
you don’t get neovascularisation in glaucoma T or F
T
6/60 vision is worse than 6/4 vision T or F
T
hypermetropic people are at higher risk of what eye condition?
angle closure
Tx for dry MD
supportive
replace pigments
Tx for wet MD
anti-VEGF injections
what lifestyle factors increase risk of MD
smoking
bad diet
is angle closure glaucoma sore?
yes
unilateral sore eye that is worse at night with associated sudden loss of vision?
angle closure glaucoma
associated symptoms of angle closure glaucoma?
nausea
headaches
young myope who has sudden loss of vision in 1 side of the eye?
retinal detachment
main symptoms of retinal detachment
sudden loss of vision
flashes
floaters
what existing conditions can predispose to retinal detachment?
Ct disorder eg marfans
Tx for retinal detachment
emergency vitrectomy if macula is preserved
vitrectomy within 5 days if not
Tx for herpetic ulcers?
topical aciclovir
stressed, tired lady with a history of coldsores has a watery gritty eye and decreased corneal sensation
herpetic conjunctivitis
