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2 Opthalmology > Eye Tutorial (Lotsa Buzzwords) > Flashcards

Eye Tutorial (Lotsa Buzzwords) Flashcards

1
Q

is the top or bottom lid of the eye more important?

A

top

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2
Q

why do bacteria commonly colonise in the meibonian glands?

A

very oily - an ideal environment for colonisation

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3
Q

where is the meibonian gland’s location?

A

in the tarsal plate behind eyelashes

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4
Q

what fruit is the orbit said to resemble?

A

a pear

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5
Q

what controls the opening of the eyelid

A 
levator palpebrae superioris
superior rectus (muller's muscle)
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6
Q

what controls closing of the eyelid?

A

orbicularis oculi

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7
Q

what nerve innervates the LPS

A

CN3

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8
Q

what nerve innervates the orbicularis oculi

A

CN7

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9
Q

3 classic symptoms of horner’s syndrome

A

ptosis- eye droop
miosis- tiny pupil
anhydrosis- sweat gland failure

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10
Q

what muscle isn’t working in horner’s syndrome to cause ptosis?

A

muller’s muscle

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11
Q

innervation of mullers muscle?

A

sympathetic

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12
Q

what determines whether an eye cellulitis is preseptal or orbital?

A

if it is anterior (preseptal) or posterior to the orbital septum

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13
Q

cellulitis of what region is the most serious?

A

orbital

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14
Q

where is the orbital septum located?

A

posterior to the orbicularis oculi

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15
Q

is orbital cellulitis sight threatening?

A

yes

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16
Q

what part of the orbicularis oculi is responsible for closing the eye?

A

orbital part

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17
Q

what part of the orbicularis oculi is responsible for blinking?

A

palpebral

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18
Q

where is the lacrimal sac located?

A

immediately medial to the lacrimal punctum

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19
Q

where is the lacrimal gland located?

A

supralateral to the eye on the brow bone

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20
Q

what innervation is needed to facilitate tear production?

A

trigeminal nerve (CNV1)

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21
Q

list the 3 phases of the tear film from anterior to posterior?

A

lipid phase
aqueous phase
mucus phase

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22
Q

if both eyes are affected in an eye presentation, what is the most likely cause?

A

allergy

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23
Q

if one eye is affected in an eye presentation, what is the most likely cause?

A

inflammation

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24
Q

how to tell the difference between orbital and preseptal cellulitis?

A

orbital will present with a defined border around the orbit and a runny nose indicative of sinusitis

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25
Q

motor supply to the tear film?

A

CN7 parasympathetic

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26
Q

what covers the inner surface of the eyelids?

A

palpebral conjunctiva

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27
Q

what kind of conjunctiva lines the eyeball?

A

bulbar conjunctiva

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28
Q

what kind of conjunctiva contains follicles and papillae?

A

palpebral

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29
Q

baby/old person with a thick watery eye that isn’t red?

A

blocked tear duct (lacrimal duct obstruction)

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30
Q

best way to manage a blocked tear duct?

A

massage the area to break down membranes

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31
Q

how can you have a watery eye due to dry eyes?

A

lacrimal gland oversecretes tears in response to the dryness

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32
Q

how to treat solidified meibonian gland secretions?

A

warm them to “melt” them

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33
Q

cause of a dry eye in diabetics?

A

sensory neuropathy

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34
Q

the conjunctiva is self-healing T or F

A

T

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35
Q

why is the palpebral conjunctiva very vascular?

A

to allow entry of O2

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36
Q

where in the eye does deep conjunctivitis present?

A

limbus

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37
Q

symptom of a deep conjunctivitis?

A

photophobia

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38
Q

what is a fornix?

A

inner red part of eyelid

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39
Q

where can follicles be found in the eye?

A

inferior fornix of the palpebral conjunctiva

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40
Q

if there are bilateral follicles on the eye with a red eye what would you suspect?

A

adenoviral conjunctivitis

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41
Q

if there are unilateral follicles on the eye with a red eye what would you suspect?

A

chlamydial conjunctivitis

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42
Q

name the main layers of the cornea from anterior to posterior

A

epithelium
stroma
endothelium

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43
Q

preauricular nodes sore on 1 side during exam on someone with a red eye?

A

adenoviral conjunctivitis

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44
Q

what part of the cornea contains collagen? how is it arranged?

A

stroma

regularly spaced

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45
Q

what part of the cornea can regenerate?

A

epithelium

46
Q

why are the cells arranged the way they are in the cornea?

A

maintains clarity of the cornea

47
Q

cataract at what part of the lens is worst?

A

back

48
Q

how is the lens divided in cataract surgery

A

USS vacuum aspirate

49
Q

how does the lens attach to the ciliary body?

A

zonules

50
Q

how does the lens relax for acute vision?

A

sympathetic fibres decrease the tension of zonular fibres

51
Q

name the outer and inner part of the lens

A

cortex - outer

nucleus - inner

52
Q

main 3 parts of the uvea?

A

iris
ciliary body
choroid

53
Q

main roles of the uveal tract?

A

provides pigment and nutrition

54
Q

name the 4 layers of the eye from anterior to posterior

A

retina
uvea
sclera
cornea

55
Q

which part of the lens is curved and which is flat?

A

front is flat

back is curved

56
Q

findings of uveitis on slit lamp examination?

A

cells and flare

57
Q

only a few uveal structures are pigmented T or F

A

F, all are

58
Q

where does aqueous humour drain to?

A

canal of schlemm

59
Q

does vitreous humour regenerate?

A

not very well

60
Q

name the response of a pupil getting light shone in it

A

direct response

61
Q

name the response of the pupil next to the one getting light shone in it

A

consensual response

62
Q

where does the sympathetic pathway of the eye end?

A

hypothalamus

63
Q

what nerve is in charge of dilating the pupil?

A

long ciliary nerve

64
Q

what nerve is in charge of constricting the pupil?

A

short ciliary nerve

65
Q

what are the ciliary nerves a branch of?

A

CNV1

66
Q

causes of horners syndrome and why?

A 
pancoast tumour
brain tumour
trauma
carotid artery dissection
= all affect the sympathetic pathway to the eye
67
Q

3 elements of the accommodation reflex

A

convergence of the eyes
pupillary constriction
contraction of the ciliary muscle

68
Q

what effect does contraction of the ciliary muscle have on the zonule fibres

A

decreases their tension

69
Q

name the only 2 muscles of the eye not supplied by CN3 and their innervations

A

superior oblique- CN4

lateral rectus- CN6

70
Q

presentation of 3rd nerve palsy on examination

A

eye facing inferolaterally with ptosis

71
Q

management of new onset painful horners syndrome?

A

emergency scan, could be a stroke

72
Q

complications of horner’s syndrome?

A

stroke

73
Q

consequences of 3rd nerve palsy and why?

A

aneurysms due to possble occlusion of the posterior communicating artery

74
Q

where does the trochlear nerve arise from?

A

dorsal aspect of the brainstem

75
Q

what nerve palsy produces a palsy of the contralateral muscle?

A

trochlear nerve CN4

76
Q

why can hydrocephalus cause CN4 palsy?

A

trochlear nucleus lies just below the cerebral aqueduct

77
Q

via which foramen does CN4 enter the eye?

A

superior orbital fissure

78
Q

does CNV1 convey the afferent or efferent arm of the eye?

A

afferent

79
Q

what nerve supplies the tip of the nose?

A

CNV1

80
Q

what nerve supplies the side of the nose?

A

CNV2

81
Q

if hutchison’s sign is present on the tip of the nose, where should you look next and why?

A

cornea as it is also innervated by CNV1 and may also be affected by shingles

82
Q

where does CN6 arise from?

A

pons

83
Q

role of the abducens nerve on the eye?

A

motor innervation to lateral rectus

84
Q

main cause of CN6 nerve palsy and why?

A

raised intracranial pressure

very thin nerve and is easily stretched

85
Q

which eye nerve experiences palsy more than the others?

A

CN6

86
Q

how to tell which eye is the squint?

A

shint a light directly in the middle, look at which eye is looking directly at the light

87
Q

what is the common tendinous ring?

A

a fascial ring that holds the tendons of each eye muscle

88
Q

symptoms of optic neuritis

A

painful eye movements

poor colour vision

89
Q

main imaging used in opthalmology?

A

MRI (for soft tissue)

90
Q

where in the retina do cones and rods lie

A 
cones = in middle, on fovea
rods = in periphery
91
Q

why does optic neuritis cause pain on eye movements?

A

optic nerve sheath is attached to the common tendinous ring

92
Q

strongest muscle of all the recti/

A

MR

93
Q

what muscle is affected by a blowout fracture?

A

IR

94
Q

what epithelium covers the pigmented epithelial cells of the retina

A

cuboidal

95
Q

how long do you have to treat an end artery occlusion?

A

90 mins

96
Q

what happens to the nasal retinal fibres at the optic chiasm?

A

they cross over

97
Q

what happens to the temporal fibres at the optic chiasm?

A

continue ipsilaterally

98
Q

the opthalmic artery is a branch of what?

A

internal carotid artery

99
Q

the opthalmic artery is an end artery T or F

A

T

100
Q

“vascular tunic which supplies the outer layers of the retina”

A

choroid

101
Q

quick management of an occlusion?

A

vasodilate -> digital massage if finger, breath into paper bag
paracenthesis once in hosp

102
Q

most common cause of an opthalmic artery occlusion?

A

carotid artery embolis from stroke/stenosis

103
Q

how to analyse the optic disc

A

CCC
cup- what does the middle of it look like
colour
contour- is it defined?

104
Q

signs of CRAO on fundoscopy?

A

milky retina

cherry red spot

105
Q

how to tell what eye you’re looking at on fundoscopy?

A

disc on left = left eye

106
Q

is a CRAO or CVO sometimes asymptomatic?

A

CVO

107
Q

dies a CRAO or CVO look worse on endoscopy?

A

CVO

108
Q

new floaters, flashing lights, no pain and change of vision in someone with a past surgery?

A

retinal detachment

109
Q

what eye pathology commonly has horseshoe tears?

A

retinal detachment

110
Q

Ix for suspected orbital blowout fracture?

A

CT

111
Q

how to tell difference between arteries and veins on fundoscopy

A

arteries more silver and small

veins thicker and redder

2 Opthalmology (13 decks)

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