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aNeuro Exam 3- Lindsey's > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

1
Q

The output neurons of the retina, the retinal ganglion cells, group together at ______.

A

the optic disk

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2
Q

____ are larger in the periphery of the retina..

A

Receptive fields

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3
Q

What happens after the 2 optic nerves converge @ the optic chiasm?

A

half of the axons from each eye cross to the other side and continue on as the optic tract

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4
Q

What do rods mediate?

A

black/white; light/dark vision

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5
Q

What does activation of transducing cause?

A

activation of cGMP phosphodiesterase (PDE)

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6
Q

What coordinates head and eye movements? Where is this structure located?

A

the superior colliculus; on the dorsal surface of the midbrain

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7
Q

These are central regions of the hypercolumns where color information is deciphered.

A

blobs

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8
Q

These cells capture photons of light and convert them into an electrical signal.

A

photoreceptor cells

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9
Q

What determines cortical wiring?

A

genetics

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10
Q

This is a .2mm wide region where acuity is the greatest.

A

the fovea

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11
Q

The period of time when the connections can be altered by visual experience is called ____.

A

the critical period (or sensitive period)

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12
Q

What is the dorsal parallel pathway?

A
  • from V1 dorsally –> parietal lobe
  • spatial vision
  • passes thru the thick stripe region of V2 and thru V5
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13
Q

What are binocular cells sensitive to?

A

depth perception

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14
Q

Layers 1, 4, and 6 of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus receive input from the ______.

A

contralateral eye

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15
Q

What does the postsynaptic cell release to the presynaptic cell? When can the presynaptic cell take it up?

A

trophic factors; only when it’s been recently active

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16
Q

_____ have donut-shaped receptive fields and come in on-center and off-center types.

A

Ganglion cells

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17
Q

Layers 3-6 of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus receive inputs from the _____.

A

parvocellular ganglion cells

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18
Q

How many rods are in the human retina?

A

100 million

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19
Q

Category 4 ocular dominant cells are ____ driven.

A

equally (from both sides)

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20
Q

What do cones mediate?

A

color vision

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21
Q

What is hierarchical processing in the eye?

A

several cells with similar but spatially offset receptive fields converge on a higher order cell to create an altogether new type of receptive field

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22
Q

Beyond the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus, the axons fan out into the ______ to the visual cortex.

A

optic radiations

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23
Q

Receptive fields are larger in the ______ of the retina.

A

periphery

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24
Q

Each hypercolumn is divided into 2 parts, one half for each eye, called _____.

A

ocular dominance columns

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25
Q

What do complex cells do?

A

abstract for position

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26
Q

In the dark, the concentration of cGMP is ____, causing the nonselective cation channels to stay _____.

A

high; open

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27
Q

Layers 1 and 2 of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus receive inputs from the _____.

A

magnocellular ganglion cells

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28
Q

What are the features of the parvocellular ganglion cells.?

A

object vision- color, form, detail high acuity –> fine detail small receptive fields not responsive to motion color vision (input from cones) layers 3-6 of the LGN

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29
Q

What are the 2 primary parallel pathways through the ascending visual system?

A
  1. the dorsal pathway
  2. the ventral pathway
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30
Q

What are the features of the magnocellular ganglion cells.?

A

spatial vision- motion and depth low acuity (crude) large receptive fields responsive to motion no color vision (input from rods) layers 1 and 2 of the LGN

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31
Q

V5 is often called the _____.

A

middle temporal (MT)

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32
Q

What is a hypercolumn?

A
  • a microregion of V1
  • 1mm
  • 10,000 LGN axons
  • 6 layers
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33
Q

Which parts of the eye provide the focusing (refractive) power?

A

cornea (2/3) and lens (1/3)

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34
Q

Name the ganglion cell type: object vision- color, form, detail high acuity –> fine detail small receptive fields not responsive to motion color vision (input from cones) layers 3-6 of the LGN

A

parvocellular ganglion cells

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35
Q

Bipolar cells always make ____ synapses on ganglion cells.

A

excitatory

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36
Q

Light –> hyperpolarize photoreceptor –> ?

A

less NT release

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37
Q

What 2 synapses in the eye are always excitatory?

A
  1. surround photoreceptors –> horizontal cell synapse
  2. bipolar cell –> ganglion cell synapse
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38
Q

This is a microregion of V1 that is 1mm and contains 10,000 LGN axons in 6 layers.

A

a hypercolumn

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39
Q

How many photoreceptors does the optic disk contain?

A

none

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40
Q

Each microregion of V1 is called a _____.

A

hypercolumn

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41
Q

Where are cones concentrated?

A

in the fovea

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42
Q

The ______ cells group together at the optic disk forming the optic nerve.

A

retinal ganglion

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43
Q

Where are horizontal cells found?

A

surrounding the receptive fields

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44
Q

These cells abstract for position.

A

complex cells

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45
Q

This is a ganglion cell excited by light in their center and inhibited by light in the periphery.

A

on-center ganglion cell

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46
Q

Layers ____ of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus receive inputs from the parvocellular ganglion cells.

A

3-6

47
Q

What does glutamate do to bipolar cells?

A

it either excites them (off-center) or inhibits them (on-center)

48
Q

What does light do to rhodopsin?

A

causes it to activate transducin (a G protein)

49
Q

If one eye is deprived from vision, what happens to its synaptic connections in the cortex?

A

they degenerate and disappear

50
Q

Lesions in V4 can result in ______.

A

impairments in color discrimination

51
Q

____ is the method by which light is focused on the retina by the cornea and lens.

A

Refraction

52
Q

If light passes from one medium to another, it is ____.

A

refracted

53
Q

Intensity corresponds to the perceptual ____ of an object, while wavelength corresponds to _____.

A

brightness; color

54
Q

Layers 2, 3, and 5 of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus receive input from the ______.

A

ipsilateral eye

55
Q

What are the wavelength boundaries of the visible light spectrum and what color do they coordinate with?

A

400nm (blue) –> 700nm (red)

56
Q

Light can be described as having ____ and ____.

A

wavelength and amplitude (intensity)

57
Q

What are the 3 kinds of human cones?

A
  1. blue
  2. green
  3. red
58
Q

What does reduced cGMP in the optic disc do?

A

closes Na channels –> hyperpolarization

59
Q

Most of the bipolar cells in the fovea are connected directly to _____ and indirectly to _____.

A

direct = one kind of cone in the field center indirect = cones with a different color preference in the field surround

60
Q

The optic nerves from the 2 eyes merge at the ____.

A

optic chiasm

61
Q

What do photoreceptors release?

A

glutamate

62
Q

What is the fovea?

A

a .2mm wide region where acuity is the greatest

63
Q

What are blobs?

A

central regions of the hypercolumns where color information is deciphered

64
Q

Which synapse in the eye is always inhibitory?

A

horizontal cell –> photoreceptor synapses

65
Q

In which hypercolumn layer do LGN axons terminate?

A

layer 4

66
Q

What is the pupil?

A

the opening thru which light enters the eye

67
Q

Layers _____ of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus receive input from the ipsilateral eye.

A

2, 3, and 5

68
Q

What is an off-center ganglion cell?

A

ganglion cell excited by light shining in the periphery and inhibited by light shining in their center

69
Q

Which synapse in the eye can either be excitatory or inhibitory?

A

synapses with the on- or off-center bipolar cells

70
Q

The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus represents the ____ visual field.

A

contralateral

71
Q

Light absorption causes photoreceptors to ____.

A

hyperpolarize

72
Q

What input does the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus receive?

A

visual info via the optic tract

73
Q

Layers ______ of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus receive inputs from the magnocellular ganglion cells.

A

1 and 2

74
Q

Ganglion cells have donut-shaped receptive fields and come in ____ and _____ types.

A

on-center and off-center

75
Q

Where do ganglion cell axons end?

A

in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus

76
Q

The longer the period of monocular deprivation during the sensitive period, _____.

A

the worse the outcome

77
Q

___ and ____ are located together within the same hypercolumn.

A

Simple and complex cells

78
Q

The retinal ganglion cells group together at the _____ forming the optic nerve.

A

optic disk

79
Q

What are ocular dominance columns?

A

each hypercolumn divided into 2 parts, one half for each eye

80
Q

In strabismus, what happens to the bilateral eye inputs?

A

one eye wins everything and the other loses altogether –> monocular driving of the cells

81
Q

The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus is composed of ____ layers.

A

6

82
Q

What is retinotopic projection?

A

axons project in an orderly fashion to the cortex

83
Q

___ tend to be found at the borders of the ocular dominance columns.

A

Binocular cells

84
Q

What is parallel processing?

A

dimensions of an object are analyzed separately but in parallel, neutral systems and then are later united

85
Q

What is the ventral parallel pathway?

A
  • from V1 ventrally –> temporal lobe
  • object vision
  • passes thru the stripe and interstripe regions of V2 and thru V4
86
Q

What do bipolar cells synapse with?

A

ganglion cells

87
Q

What cells in the eye make APs?

A

ganglion cells

88
Q

_____ is the process by which light is converted into a change in membrane potential by the photoreceptors.

A

Phototransduction

89
Q

The foveal region occupies nearly ____ of the visual cortex.

A

1/2

90
Q

How many codes are there in a human retina?

A

8 million

91
Q

What do photoreceptor cells do?

A

capture photons of light and convert them into an electrical signal

92
Q

retinal ganglion cells @ optic disk –> optic nerve –> optic chiasm –> optic tract –> ?

A

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus

93
Q

What are color opponent cells?

A

bipolar cells that are directly connected to one kind of cone in the field center and indirectly to a different color preference in the field surround

94
Q

The retina contains what 5 types of neurons?

A
  1. rods
  2. cones
  3. bipolar cells
  4. horizontal cells
  5. ganglion cells
95
Q

At the chiasm, the axons from the _____ half of each retina cross over to the opposite side.

A

nasal

96
Q

This is a ganglion cell excited by light shining in the periphery and inhibited by light shining in their center.

A

an off-center ganglion cell

97
Q

The retinal ganglion cells group together at the optic disk forming _____.

A

the optic nerve

98
Q

What controls the size of the pupil?

A

the ciliary muscles

99
Q

What does reduced cGMP concentration cause?

A

closure of nonselective cation channels in the surface membrane –> hyperpolarization of the cell

100
Q

What is an on-center ganglion cell?

A

ganglion cell excited by light in their center and inhibited by light in the periphery

101
Q

Ganglion cells only care about ____.

A

contrast

102
Q

Layers 1, 4, and 6 of the ______ receive input from the contralateral eye.

A

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus

103
Q

What does PDE activation do?

A

hydrolyses cGMP to reduce its concentration

104
Q

Name the ganglion cell type: spatial vision- motion and depth low acuity (crude) large receptive fields responsive to motion no color vision (input from rods) layers 1 and 2 of the LGN

A

magnocellular ganglion cells

105
Q

Layers _____ of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus receive input from the contralateral eye.

A

1, 4, and 6

106
Q

Lesions in the middle temporal (MT) area result in ____.

A

impaired motion and depth perception

107
Q

Category 1 and 7 ocular dominant cells are ____ driven.

A

monocularly

108
Q

The back of the inner eye contains the ____, which is the receptive organ of the eye.

A

retina

109
Q

Photoreceptors talk to ____ and ____ cells.

A

bipolar; horizontal

110
Q

Synchronous activity from both eyes is necessary for ______ during development of the visual cortex.

A

establishment of proper synaptic connections

111
Q

The output neurons of the retina, the ______, group together at the optic disk.

A

retinal ganglion cells

112
Q

Ganglion cells have _____-shaped receptive fields and come in on-center and off-center types.

A

donut

113
Q

These cells are sensitive to depth perception.

A

binocular cells

114
Q

What absorbs the photon of light?

A

vitamin A

aNeuro Exam 3- Lindsey's (20 decks)

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