Cortical Lesions Flashcards
What parts of the brain are linked for normal function of human emotions?
- hippocampus
- parahippocampal gyrus
- cingulate gyrus
- anterior nucleus of the thalamus
- mammillary bodies
- fornix
The ____ is specialized for mediating the prosody of speech.
right frontal hemisphere
This is impaired auditory comprehension due to a lesion in the posterior region of the L superior temporal gyrus.
Wernicke’s aphasia
This is a critical domain that involves the capacity to plan, carry out, and monitor a sequential goal-directed action.
executive function
What is the hippocampus for?
new learning and memories
What are the functions of the frontal lobe?
- voluntary mvmt
- language fluency (L)
- motor prosody (R)
- comportment
- executive function
- motivation
What lesion can cause disinhibition?
orbitofrontal lesions
What are the 3 major nonlinguistic syndromes relating to specific areas of damage in the prefrontal cortex?
- disinhibition
- apathy
- executive dysfunction
What can an orbitofrontal lesion cause?
disinhibition
What does a lesion in the posterior region of the L superior gyrus cause?
Wernicke’s aphasia
What is apraxia?
An impairment of learned motor activity
What lesion can cause hemineglect?
a parietal lobe lesion
What is the major artery supplying the cerebral cortex?
the middle cerebral artery (MCA)
A lesion in ______ causes executive dysfunction.
dorsolateral prefrontal lesions
This is an impairment of learned motor activity.
apraxia
A lesion to what part of the brain can cause visual agnosia?
the occipital lobe
Name the lobe:
- voluntary mvmt
- language fluency (L)
- motor prosody (R)
- comportment
- executive function
- motivation
frontal lobe
What is disinhibition?
inability to integrate limbic drives into appropriate behavioral responses –> irritability, loss of empathy, impulsivity, hypersexuality, hyperphagia, violence
This is the inability to integrate limbic drives into appropriate behavioral responses –> irritability, loss of empathy, impulsivity, hypersexuality, hyperphagia, violence.
disinhibition
This is an acquired disorder of writing, often seen with aphasia and other neurobehavioral syndromes.
Agraphia
What is perseveration?
the failure to alter one’s actions in response to changing environmental stimuli
What are the functions of the parietal lobe?
- tactile sensation
- visuospatial function (R)
- attention (R)
- reading (L)
- writing (L)
- calculation (L)
What is amnesia?
An acquired disorder of memory, implying an impairment of new learning
This is a rapidly evolving disorder of attention.
an acute confusional state
What is hemineglect?
inattention to one side of the body or extrapersonal space
What causes a lesion of the R hemisphere analog of Wernicke’s area?
sensory aprosody
Where is Wernicke’s area located? Which Broadmann’s area is it?
left superior temporal gyrus; Brodmann’s area 22
What is motor aprosody?
the inability to inflect speech with emotion
How many layers are in the neocortex?
6
Name the lobe:
- language comprehension (L)
- sensory prosody (R)
- memory
- emotion
temporal lobe
What is executive function?
a critical domain that involves the capacity to plan, carry out, and monitor a sequential goal-directed action
What is visual agnosia?
ability to see an image but can’t recognize it
This is located in in the L frontal lobe and is Brodmann’s area 45.
Broca’s area
This is a failure of recognition through one sensory modality; visual, auditory, and tactile agnosias have been described.
Agnosia
This is the failure to alter one’s actions in response to changing environmental stimuli.
perseveration
What happens with bilateral hippocampal resection?
permanent amnesia
How many layers are in the allocortex? What does it consist of? What are these brain areas important for?
- 3
- the hippocampus and temporal lobe
- memory
This is inattention to one side of the body or extrapersonal space.
hemineglect
What is Agnosia?
A failure of recognition through one sensory modality; visual, auditory, and tactile agnosias have been described.
How thick is the cerebral cortex? How many layers does it consist of?
3mm; 6 layers
What is mediated by the limbic system?
the 4 Fs:
- fighting
- fleeing
- feeding
- F-ing
This is a loss of motivation and erosion of initiative .
apathy
Apathy is caused by _____ lesions.
medial frontal
What do dorsolateral prefrontal lesions sometimes cause?
executive dysfunction
Name the lobe:
- vision
- vision perception
- visual recognition
occipital lobe
This is the inability to inflect speech with emotion.
motor aprosody
What does a medial frontal lesion cause?
apathy
A lesion in the left occipital lobe and splenium of the corpus callosum can cause?
pure alexia
This is the impaired ability to identify objects by name; a synonym is dysnomia.
anomia
What is Agraphia?
An acquired disorder of writing, often seen with aphasia and other neurobehavioral syndromes.
This is a pt can write but can not read due to a lesion in the left occipital lobe and splenium of the corpus callosum.
pure alexia
What is anomia?
Impaired ability to identify objects by name; a synonym is dysnomia
This is the inability to maintain a coherent line of thought despite adequate arousal and language function.
confusion
What is Wernicke’s aphasia?
impaired auditory comprehension due to a lesion in the posterior region of the L superior temporal gyrus
What are the functions of the temporal lobe?
- language comprehension (L)
- sensory prosody (R)
- memory
- emotion
What is apathy?
loss of motivation and erosion of initiative
What are the functions of the occipital lobe?
- vision
- vision perception
- visual recognition
What is an acute confusional state?
A rapidly evolving disorder of attention
Where is Broca’s area? Which Brodmann’s area is it?
- in the L frontal lobe
- Brodmann’s area 45
What is the ability to see an image but can’t recognize it called?
visual agnosia
What is pure alexia?
pt can write but can not read due to a lesion in the left occipital lobe and splenium of the corpus callosum
Name the lobe:
- tactile sensation
- visuospatial function (R)
- attention (R)
- reading (L)
- writing (L)
- calculation (L)
the parietal lobe
This is an acquired disorder of memory, implying an impairment of new learning.
amnesia
