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aNeuro Exam 3- Lindsey's > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the abnormal repeat in Huntington’s disease?

A

CAG

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2
Q

Does stimulation of the caudate produce movement?

A

no

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3
Q

What is the pars compacta?

A

the back projection from the striatum to the substantia nigra made by neurons that contain and release dopamine to produce their effects

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4
Q

frontal association cortex –> caudate –> _____ –> dorso-medial thalamus –> association cortex

A

globus pallidus

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5
Q

frontal association cortex –> _____ –> globus pallidus –> dorso-medial thalamus –> association cortex

A

caudate

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6
Q

How is activation of a motor control signal achieved in the basal ganglia?

A

by release of iinhibition

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7
Q

What is the juncture btw the caudate and putamen called?

A

the nucleus accumbens

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8
Q

frontal association cortex –> caudate –> globus pallidus –> dorso-medial thalamus –> ______

A

association cortex

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9
Q

frontal association cortex –> caudate –> globus pallidus –> ______ –> association cortex

A

dorso-medial thalamus

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10
Q

What does the nucleus accumbens do?

A

it processes info from the paleo-cortex as part of the limbic system –> subserves emotional and drive-related aspects of behavior

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11
Q

What is the difference btw the D1 and D2 receptor?

A
  • D1 = excitatory, direct pathway to the globus pallidus internal
  • D2 = inhibitory, indirect pathway via the globus pallidus external
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12
Q

What sensory deficit will be seen in a lesion of the basal ganglia?

A

none

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13
Q

sensori-motor complex –> putamen –> globus pallidus –> VA (and some VL) thalamus –> ______

A

motor cortex (esp the supplementary motor area SMA)

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14
Q

_____ –> putamen –> globus pallidus –> VA (and some VL) thalamus –> motor cortex (esp the supplementary motor area SMA)

A

sensori-motor complex

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15
Q

What is the indirect pathway to the basal ganglia?

A

the D2 receptors –> globus pallidus external –> substantia nigra –> globus pallidus internal

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16
Q

Where does the output from the basal ganglia go to?

A

from the thalamus –> cortex

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17
Q

This processes info from the paleo-cortex as part of the limbic system –> subserves emotional and drive-related aspects of behavior.

A

the nucleus accumbens

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18
Q

The _____ receives a projection from the striatum (caudate + putamen) and projects back to the caudate and putamen.

A

substantia nigra

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19
Q

The substantia nigra receives a projection from the _____ and projects back to the caudate and putamen.

A

striatum (caudate + putamen)

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20
Q

What must be in balance in the basal ganglia for normal function?

A

dopamine and ACh

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21
Q

What does striatal damage cause?

A

athetosis or chorea

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22
Q

These are slow, writing, ceaseless movements of the hands, lips, tongue, neck, and feet.

A

athetosis

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23
Q

What is the NT released in the substantia nigra and in the globus pallidus?

A

GABA

24
Q

What is the direct pathway?

A

when the thalamic neurons receive less input from the globus pallidus –> increase firing –> excite cortical neurons

25
Q

Where does the input to the basal ganglia come from?

A

the cerebral cortex

26
Q

This is a portion of the substantia nigra that projects to the thalamus.

A

the pars reticulata

27
Q

The subthalamic nucleus receives a projection from the ______ and projects back to both the external and internal segment of the globus pallidus.

A

external segment of the globus pallidus

28
Q

What causes hemiballismus?

A

a stroke in the small ganglionic branch of the PCA, leading to damage of the subthalamic nucleus on one side

29
Q

Where do D1 receptors project to?

A

the globus pallidus internal

30
Q

Unilateral defects of the basal ganglia = ____ deficits in function

A

contralateral

31
Q

The basal ganglia is important for ____ of motor performance.

A

modulation

32
Q

What are the 4 nuclei of the basal ganglia?

A
  1. the caudate and putamen
  2. the globus pallidus
  3. the substantia nigra
  4. the subthalamic nucleus
33
Q

The direct pathway ______ movement, while the indirect pathway ______ movement.

A

facilitates; inhibits

34
Q

What are the cardinal features of Tourette’s Syndrome?

A

motor and phonic tics that fluctuate in severity

35
Q

The ______ receives a projection from the external segment of the globus pallidus and projects back to both the external and internal segment of the globus pallidus.

A

subthalamic nucleus

36
Q

The subthalamic nucleus receives a projection from the external segment of the globus pallidus and projects back to______.

A

both the external and internal segment of the globus pallidus

37
Q

___% of dopamine synthesis occurs at the basal ganglia.

A

80%

38
Q

Describe the flow of information from the cortex through the basal ganglia and back.

A

cortex –> caudate –> putamen –> globus pallidus –> thalamus (VA, VL, or DM) –> cortex

39
Q

Is muscle strength decreased with a basal ganglia lesion?

A

no

40
Q

Virtually all _____ and _____ disruption of motor control involves breakdown of function of some portion of the basal ganglia.

A

nontraumatic; metabolic

41
Q

What is athetosis?

A

slow, writing, ceaseless movements of the hands, lips, tongue, neck, and feet

42
Q

What comprises the basal ganglia?

A

a mass of bilaterally gray matter cells at the base of the cerebrum next to the thalamus

43
Q

The substantia nigra receives a projection from the striatum (caudate + putamen) and projects back to the ______.

A

caudate and putamen

44
Q

Where do D2 receptors project to?

A

the globus pallidus external

45
Q

On what chromosome is the Huntington protein encoded?

A

4

46
Q

What kind of tremor is seen in Parkinson’s disease?

A

a resting tremor

47
Q

What is hemiballismus?

A

flailing movements of the arm and leg on one side

48
Q

What is the nucleus accumbens?

A

the juncture btw the caudate and putamen

49
Q

What descending pathway comes from the basal ganglia?

A

none

50
Q

What are the caudate+putamen called, collectively?

A

the (neo)striatum

51
Q

What is the purpose of the dual feedback loops in the basal ganglia? How is this achieved?

A
  • to balance facilitation and inhibition of the cortex
  • via dopamine
52
Q

What is the pars reticulata?

A

a portion of the substantia nigra that projects to the thalamus

53
Q

What projects directly to the basal ganglia?

A

nothing

54
Q

What does a stroke in the small ganglionic branch of the PCA, leading to damage of the subthalamic nucleus on one side, cause?

A

hemiballismus

55
Q

______ –> caudate –> globus pallidus –> dorso-medial thalamus –> association cortex

A

frontal association cortex

56
Q

sensori-motor complex –> putamen –> globus pallidus –> ______ –> motor cortex (esp the supplementary motor area SMA)

A

VA (and some VL) thalamus

57
Q

This is the back projection from the striatum to the substantia nigra made by neurons that contain and release dopamine to produce their effects .

A

the pars compacta

aNeuro Exam 3- Lindsey's (20 decks)

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