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Biology 2 > Viruses > Flashcards

Viruses Flashcards

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1
Q

Viruses lead a kind of “——“ betweem life-forms and chemicals

A

Borrowed Life

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2
Q

Viruses cannot — or carry out — outside of a host cell

A
  1. reproduce

2. Metabolism

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3
Q

Viruses are ——, but rather a very small infectious particle consisting of —— enclosed in a —— and, in some cases, a membranous envelope

A
  1. Not cells
  2. Nucleic Acid
  3. Protein Coat
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4
Q

Viruses may also contain additional —, such as —, to support their — within a host

A
  1. Proteins
  2. Enzymes
  3. Replication
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5
Q

Viral genomes are comprised of one linear or circular nucleid acid molecule encoding — to ——

A

3 to 2000 gnees

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6
Q

Nucleic acid arranged as:

  • Double- or single-stranded —
  • Double- or single-stranded —
A
  1. DNA

2. RNA

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7
Q

—: protein shell that encloses the viral genome - built from protein subunits called —

A
  1. Capsid

2. Capsomeres

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8
Q

——: derived from membranes of host cells and surround the capsids of many viruses found in animals

A

Viral Envelopes

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9
Q

What are the 4 virus shapes?

A
  1. Filamentous
  2. Icosahedral
  3. Enveloped
  4. Head & Tail
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10
Q

Filamentous(Helical/Rod-Shaped):

  • —&—
  • Includes many ——, such as tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
A
  1. Long & Cylindrical

2. Plant Viruses

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11
Q

Icosahedral:

  • — with — triangular faces
  • May contain —— that aid in infection
  • Include viruses that cause ——,——,——
  • Rarely cause serious — or —
A
  1. Polyhedron
  2. 20
  3. Protein Spikes
  4. Common cold, sore throat, pink eye
  5. Illness or death
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12
Q

Viral Envelope:

  • Derived from the host ——
  • Contain a combination of viral and host cell molecules, including —— that aid infection
  • Include —— & ——
A
  1. Cell’s membrane
  2. Glycoprotein Spikes
  3. Influenza Viruses & Coronaviruses
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13
Q

Bacteriophages (Phages):
*Viruses that ——
*Have the most complex — found among viruses:
~Elongated icosahedral capsid head that — their DNA
~Rod-shaped tail piece — to the host and — the phage DNA inside

A
  1. Infect Bacteria
  2. Capsids
  3. Encloses
  4. Attaches
  5. Injects
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14
Q

Viruses are obligate ——

A

Intracellular Parasites

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15
Q

Each virus has a ——: limited number of host cells that it can infect

  • Includes both species and cell types:
    • E.g., ——— can infect mosquitoes, birds, horses and humans, but — only infects humans
    • E.g., — only infects immune cells
A
  1. Host Range
  2. West Nile Virus
  3. Measles
  4. HIV
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16
Q

Infection begins when — binds to a — and the — enters the cells

  • Depends on type of virus and host cell
    • E.g., injection (bacteriophage) or endocytosis (influenza)
A
  1. Virus
  2. Host Cell
  3. Genome
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17
Q

Once a viral genome has entered, the cell begins to copy the —— and manufacture ——
* Virus makes use of host —,—,—,——,—, and other molecules

A
  1. Viral Genome
  2. Viral Proteins
  3. Enzymes
  4. Ribosomes
  5. tRNAs
  6. Amino Acids
  7. ATP
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18
Q

What are the 2 replication mechanisms of Phages?

A
  1. Lytic Cycle

2. Lysogenic Cycle

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19
Q

The lytic cycle produces —— & — the hosts cell wall, releasing the ——
* Culminates in the — of the host cell

A
  1. New phages
  2. Lyses (breaks open)
  3. Progeny Viruses
  4. Death
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20
Q

A phage that reproduces only by the lytic cycle is called a ——

A

Virulent Phage

21
Q

The lysogenic cycle replicates the —— without — the host

A
  1. Phage genome

2. Destroying

22
Q

In the lysogenic cycle the viral DNA molecule becomes incoporated into the host cell’s —
* Once integrated, the viral DNA is known as a —

A
  1. Chromosome

2. Prophage

23
Q

In the lysogenic cycle every time the host divides, it copies the —— and passes the copies to the ——

A
  1. Phage DNA (prophage)

2. Daughter Cells

24
Q

In the lysogenic cycle an environmental stressor can trigger the —— to exit the bacterial chromosomes and switch to the ——

A
  1. Virus Genome

2. Lytic Mode

25
Q

Phages that ise both the lytic and lysogenic cycles are called ——

A

Temperate phages

26
Q

Many viruses that infect animals have a ——

* —— on the envelope bind to a specific receptor molecules on the surface of a host cell

A
  1. Membranous envelope

2. Viral glycoproteins

27
Q

After infection, new —— are made and transported to the plasma membrane for production of ——
* Viral envelope is formed from the host cell’s —— as the viral capsids exit

A
  1. Capsid glycoproteins
  2. New viruses
  3. Plasma membrane
28
Q

3 types of single-stranded RNA genomes in animal viruses:

  • RNA serves directly as —
  • RNA serves as template for —— (requires viral enzyme)
  • RNA serves as template for ——— that gets integrated into the host genomic DNA
A
  1. mRNA
  2. mRNA Synthesis
  3. Synthesis of DNA
29
Q

RNA serves as template for synthesis of DNA that gets integrated into the host genomic DNA

  • These are known as —
  • Use the enzyme —— to copy their RNA into DNA
  • HIV is the retrovirus that causes —
A
  1. Retroviruses
  2. Reverse Transcriptase
  3. AIDS
30
Q

—: reverse-transcribed viral DNA that integrates into the host genome
*Unlike a prophage, a provirus remains a — resident of the host cell

A
  1. Provirus

2. Permanent

31
Q

The host’s —— transcribes the proviral DNA back into RNA molecules
*Function both as — for synthesis of viral proteins and as genomes for new virus particles released from the cell

A
  1. RNA Polymerase

2. mRNA

32
Q

—: harmless derivatives of pathogenic microbes that stimulate the immune system to mount defenses against the harmful pathogen

A

Vaccines

33
Q

Viral infections — be treated by antibiotics

A

Cannot

34
Q

Antiviral drugs can help to —, though not —, viral infections

A
  1. Treat

2. Cure

35
Q

— and —— are caused by new strains of influenza or other viruses to which people have little immunity

A
  1. Epidemics

2. Global Pandemics

36
Q

Emerging viruses can aris from 3 processes:
*— of existing virus – RNA viruses tend to have unusually high mutation rates
~E.g., seasonal flu epidemics
*— from small, isolated populations
~E.g., HIV
*Spread from —— (zoonotic)
~E.g., swine flu
~Accounts for ~75% of new human diseases

A
  1. Mutation
  2. Dissemination
  3. Other Animals
37
Q

Normal seasonal flu viruses are not considered emerging viruses because — of these viruses have been circulating among humans for a — time

A
  1. Variants

2. Long

38
Q

However, these viruses such as flu still undergo — and —

* Variations thought to be most likely to occur each year are selected to generate —

A
  1. Mutation
  2. Reassortment
  3. Vaccines
39
Q

COVID-19 Single-strand enveloped RNA virus belonging to the family Coronaviridae

  • Name derived from the Latin corona, meaning crown
  • ‘CO’ short for —
  • ‘VI’ for —
  • ‘D’ for —
  • ‘19’ for —
A
  1. Corona
  2. Virus
  3. Disease
  4. 2019
40
Q

COVID-19 is the —
SARS-CoV-2 is the —
*SARS = ————
*Closely related to coronaviruses isolated from bat populations

A
  1. Disease
  2. Virus
  3. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
41
Q

Virus enters the body through binding of viral —— to ———— receptors on host cells

A
  1. Spike proteins

2. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)

42
Q

COVID-19 is abundant in epitheliem of —, — & —, but also present in —,——,—, — & ——
* Infection ususally begins in —

A
  1. Nose, mouth, & lungs
  2. Heart, blood vessels, kidney, liver, & GI Tract
  3. Nose
43
Q

COVID-19:

ACE2 modulates angiotensin II (ANG II) which acts to increase —

A

Inflammation

44
Q

COVID_19:
Without ACE2, — proceeds without “breaks” to harmful levels
*In addition to respiratory distress, can lead to ——,——, & —

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Vessel Damage
  3. Blood Clots
  4. Strokes
45
Q

More than — types of viral diseases of plants are known and cause spots on leaves and fruits, stunted growth, and damaged flowers or roots

A

2,000

46
Q

Most plant viruses have an ——

A

RNA genome

47
Q

What are the 2 major routes plant viruses spread disease?

A
  1. Horizaontal Transmission

2. Vertical Transmission

48
Q

——, from external source entering through damaged cell walls, e.g., from herbivores or pruning

A

Horizontal Transmission

49
Q

——, inheriting the virus from a parent

A

Vertical Transmission

Biology 2 (16 decks)

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