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Biology 2 > Respiratory System: Slides > Flashcards

Respiratory System: Slides Flashcards

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1
Q

The respiratory system supplies —— for cellular respiration and disposes of ——. This occurs by ——

A
  1. Oxygen gas(O2)
  2. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
  3. Diffusion
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2
Q

What is rate of diffusion between two regions governed by?

A

Fick’s Law of Diffusion

R= DA/Dp d

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3
Q

What ways have evolutionary changes occured to optimize rate of diffusion(R)?

A
  1. Increase Surface Area (A)
  2. Decrease Distance (d)
  3. Increase Concentration Difference (Dp)
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4
Q

———- can rely on direct diffusion of gases

Through outer surfaces and skin. However, more —— require system adaptations to enhance gas exchange.

A
  1. Unicellular & small organisms

2. Complex organisms

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5
Q

What system do insects use instead of a circulatory system for gas exchange?

A

Tracheal System

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6
Q

In a tracheal system, —— supply O2 directly to body cells

A

Tracheal Tubes

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7
Q

What type of respiratory system is most direct & effecient in active animals?

A

Tracheal System

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8
Q

Obtaining O2 is more challenging in — than —. Because of this — breathing requires greater effiecency than — breathing

A
  1. Water
  2. Air
  3. Water
  4. Air
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9
Q

How is water breathing acomplished, because it requires greater effiency than air breathing?

A
  1. Very thin respiratory surfaces

2. Unidirectional flow coupled with countercurrent exchange

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10
Q

What is the outfolding of body surface?

A

Evagination

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11
Q

Why are gills extremely thin?

A

To offset low O2 content in water by minimizing diffusive distance

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12
Q

Blood flows in the opposite direction of water

A

Countercurrent Exchange

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13
Q

What is an infolding of the body surface?

A

Invagination

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14
Q

Air enters the respiratory system through what?

A

Nasal Cavity & Pharynx

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15
Q

Where does air go after entering through the nasal cavity & pharynx?

A

It passes through the trachea into the bronchi

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16
Q

After air goes into the bronchi where does it go next?

A

The bronchi branch into bronchiole which brings air into the alveoli

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17
Q

What happens in the alveoli?

A

It is the site of gas exchange

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18
Q

The progressive branching creates tremendous —— for gas exchange

A

Surface Area

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19
Q

What do major branches in lungs contain for cleasning the respiratory system?

A

Mucus & Cilia

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20
Q

What are some characteristics of alveoli?

A
  1. Lack cilia & mucus

2. Covered with moist film that coantains surfactant

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21
Q

Reduces surface tension & prevents alveoli from collapsing

A

Surfactant

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22
Q

Pre-term babies that lack surfactatn are vulnerable to what?

A

Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)

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23
Q

The process that ventilates the lungs & is the alternate inhalation & exhalation of air

A

Breathing

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24
Q

Mammals ventilate their lungs by ——— which — air into the lungs

A
  1. Negative Pressure Breathing

2. Pulls

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25
Q

Lung volume increases as the rib muscles & diaphragm contract

A

Inhalation

26
Q

Passive due to elastic recoil of tissues; no muscles are contracted to expel air

A

Exhalation

27
Q

Volume of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal breathe

A

Tidal Volume

28
Q

Maximum volume of air that can be inhaled & exhaled

A

Vital Capacity

29
Q

After a full exhalation, a —— of air remains

A

Residual Volume

30
Q

What makes mammalian breathing somewhat inefficient?

A

Incomplete removal & shared airway for exhalation & inhalation

31
Q

The main breathing control centers are in what 2 regions of the brainstem?

A

Medulla Oblongata & Pons

32
Q

What do the medulla oblongata & pons do as the main breathing control center?

A

Regulate rate & depth of breathing in response to pH changes in cerebrospinal fluid to match metabolic demands

33
Q

Chemosensors in the aorta & carotid arteries monitor — &— concentrations in the blood

A

O2 & CO2

34
Q

Is the control of breathing in humans a positive or negative feedback loop?

A

Negative Feedback Loop

35
Q

Amphibians ventilate their lungs by —— breathing, which — air — the trachea

A
  1. Positive Pressure
  2. Force
  3. Down
36
Q

Amphibians have — that is used for gas exchange

A

Skin

37
Q

Why do birds require a more efficient breathing(ventilation) system?

A
  • They fly which is a high energy activity & requires a lot of oxygen
  • Some birds fly at high altitudes where oxygen is low
38
Q

Birds have 8 or 9 air sacs that function as bellows that keep the air — through the —. Instead of alveoli they have —.

A
  1. Flowing
  2. Lungs
  3. Parabronchi(air tubes)
39
Q

2 Features that make ventilation in birds highly efficient:

  1. Air passes through lungs in — direction only
  2. Incoming fresh air does —— with air that has already undergone gas exchange
A
  1. One

2. Not mix

40
Q

A gas diffuses from a region of — partial pressure to a region of — partial pressure

A
  1. Higher

2. Lower

41
Q

Pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases

A

Partial Pressure

42
Q

Atmospheric pressure= ?
Percent of atmospheric O2 = ?%
Partial Pressure of O2= ?

A

Atmospheric Pressure= 760 mmHg
Atmospheric O2= 21% by volume
Partial Pressure of O2 = 0.21*760= 160 mmHg

43
Q

Why do gases diffuse down pressure gradients in the lungs & other organs?

A

DIfferences in partial pressure

44
Q

What determines the exchange of respiratory gases (O2 & CO2)?

A

Partial pressure gradients

45
Q

Partial pressure gradients favor diffusion of O2 into the blood & CO2 in the air

Does this occur in alveoli or tissue capillaries?

A

Alveoli

46
Q

Partial pressure gradients favor diffusion of O2 out of the blood & CO2 into the blood, In what?

A

Tissue capillaries

47
Q

Does oxygen have high or low solubility in water & blood?

A

Low

48
Q

Proteins that transport oxygen, greatly increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry

A

Respiratory Pigments

49
Q

What are the 2 types of respiratory pigments?

A
  1. Hemocycanin

2. Hemoglobin

50
Q

Is the majority of oxygen transported in the plasma or by the hemoglobin

A

98% of O2 is bound to hemoglobin

51
Q

Hemoglobin increases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood by ——

A

50-fold

52
Q

A single hemoglobin molecule is made of how many subunit and what kind and amount is their of those subunits?

A

4 protein subunits: 2 alpha 2 beta

53
Q

In hemoglobin, each subunit contains a — molecule

A

Heme

54
Q

In hemoglobin, a heme molecule contains an — atom at center that binds to —.

A
  1. Iron

2. O2

55
Q

Each hemoglobin can carry how many molecules of O2, & each of thos molecules are for heme group?

A

They can carry 4 molecules of O2, one molecule for each iron containing heme group

56
Q

Among the 4 subunits what facilitates binding & offloading of O2?

A

Allosteric Cooperation

57
Q
  • Binding of first O2 facilitates binding of second
  • Second facilitates binding of third
  • Fourth & final O2 is more difficult to bind
    What shows that these patterns are evident?
A

Oxygen Equilibrium Curve (Aka Oxygen Dissociation Curve)

58
Q

Where does CO2 from respiring cells go & how does it get there?

A

It diffuses into blood

59
Q

Where does most CO2 diffuse into, & it reacts with water to form what?

A

Most diffuses into erythrocytes & reacts with water to form H2CO3 which dissociates H+ & bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

60
Q

During carbon dioxide transport where are HCO3, bicarbonate ions transported?

A

Plasma

61
Q

Most CO2 is transported to the lungs as — ions in the —

A
  1. HCO3, Bicarbonate

2. Plasma

62
Q

In the lungs, is the relative partial pressure of CO2 in favor or not in favor of the net diffusion of CO2 out of the blood?

A

In favor

Biology 2 (16 decks)

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