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Biology 2 > Osmotic Regualtion & Excretion > Flashcards

Osmotic Regualtion & Excretion Flashcards

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1
Q

Physiological systems of animals operate in a —envirement

A

Fluid

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2
Q

Relative concentrations of — and — must be maintained within fairly nairly limits

A
  1. Water

2. Solutes

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3
Q

Controls solute concentrations and balances water gain & loss

A

Osmoregulation

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4
Q

Osmoregulation is largely based on — movements of — between — fluids and the — environment

A
  1. Controlled
  2. Solutes
  3. Internal
  4. External
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5
Q

Freshwater Animals face — environments

A

diluting

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6
Q

Desert and marine animals face — environments

A

Desiccating

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7
Q

Animals that face diluting environments show adaptations that ———, Conserve — and ——

A
  1. Eliminate Excess Water
  2. Solutes
  3. Uptake salts
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8
Q

Animals that face desiccating environments show adaptations that ——, & eliminate ——

A
  1. Conserve Water

2. Excess Salts

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9
Q

Excretion rids the body of —— and other waste products

A
  1. Nitrogenous metabolites
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10
Q

Systems for — & — are often linked

A

Osmoregualtion & Excretion

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11
Q

Concentration of a dissolved substance

Units: moles per liter of a solution

A

Molarity

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12
Q

Concentration of all solutes that contribute to the osmotic pressure of a solution
Units: Osmoles per liter of a solution

A

Osmolarity

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13
Q

Osmolarity determines the — of water across a —— membrane

A
  1. Movement

2. Selectivley permeable

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14
Q

What are the 3 possible scenarios of osmosis

A
  1. Isomotic
  2. Hyposmotic
  3. Hyperosmotic
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15
Q

Same concentration of solutes

A

Isomotic

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16
Q

Lower relative concentration of solutes

A

Hyposmotic

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17
Q

Higher realtive concentration of solutes

A

Hyperosmotic

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18
Q

Net flow of water is from the — to the — solution until osmotic pressure is balanced by hydrostatic pressure

A
  1. Hyposmotic

2. Hyperosmotic

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19
Q

— is the concentration of solutes in a surrounding fluid, relative to that within the cell

A

Tonicity

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20
Q

What 2 things have animals used as adapted strategies for dealing with osmotic challenges?

A
  1. Osmoconformers

2. Osmoregulators

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21
Q

Osmoconformers are — with their surroundings and ——regulate their osmolarity

A
  1. Isomotic

2. Do NOT

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22
Q

Osmoregulators expend — to control water — & — in a — or — environment

A
  1. Energy
  2. Uptake & Loss
  3. Hyperosmotic or Hyposmotic
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23
Q

Conformers maintain the line of —, while regualtors help to maintain — & —

A
  1. Conformity

2. Stability & Homeostasis

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24
Q

Most animals are —; they cannot tolerate substantial changes in external osmolarity

A
  1. Stenohaline
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25
Q

— Animals can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity, common in estuaries and tidal pools

A

Euryhaline

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26
Q

Osmoregulation in freshwater animal:

Diffusive — gain, and the diffusive — loss

A
  1. Water

2. Ion

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27
Q

Osmoregulation in seawater animals:

Diffusive — gain, then diffusive — loss

A
  1. Ion

2. Water

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28
Q

Virtually all freshwater animals are —

A

Osmoregualtors

29
Q

Freshwater animals constantly lose — and gain — by diffusion from their — environments

A
  1. Salts
  2. Water
  3. Hyposmotic
30
Q

Freshwater animals maintain osmotic balance by, excreting large ammounts of ——, and replacing — by —— across the gills and diet

A
  1. Dilute Urine
  2. Salts
  3. Active Uptake
31
Q

Most marine invertabrate are —

A

Osmoconformers

32
Q

Most marine vertabrates and some invertebrate are —

A

Osmoregulators

33
Q

Marine animals constantly lose — by osmosis and gain — by diffusion

A
  1. Water

2. Salt

34
Q

Marine animals maintain osmotic balance by:
Drinking — and excreting — across gills
Excreting salts and retaining water by —
Diet also contributes to — & — uptake

A
  1. Seawater, Salts
  2. Kidney’s
  3. Salt & Water
35
Q

Land animals must make adaptaion to reduce ——, which is key to survival on land

A
  1. Water Loss
36
Q

These are adaptations what kind of animals have made to help reduce water loss?

  • Body covering help prevent dehydration
  • SOme, including desert animals, adopt a nocturnal lifestyle
A

Land Animals

37
Q

Land animals maintain water balance largely by — & — — food

A
  1. Drinking
  2. Eating
  3. Moist
38
Q

Osmoregulator must —— to maintain osmotic gradients

A

Expend Energy

39
Q

The amount of expeneded energy to maintain osmotic gradients differs based on:

  • How different the animals — is from its —
  • How easily —&— move across the animals surface
A
  1. Osmolarity, Surroundings

2. Water & Solutes

40
Q

Among the most significant wastes are — breakdown products of — & ——

A
  1. Nitrogenous

2. Proteins & Nucleic Acids

41
Q

The form in which the nitrogenous waste take depends on —&—, largely — availability

A
  1. Phylogeny & Habitat

2. Water

42
Q

What are the 3 forms of nitrogenous waste?

A
  1. Ammonia (NH3)
  2. Urea
  3. Uric Acid
43
Q

Direct produc tof protein and nucleic acid catbolism can be converted into urea & uric acid

A

Ammonia (NH3)

44
Q

Most excretory systems produce urine by refining a — derived from — or —

A
  1. Filtrate

2. Blood or Hemolymph

45
Q

4 key functions of most excretory systems

A
  1. Filtration
  2. reabsorbtion
  3. Secretion
  4. Excretion
46
Q

Filtering of body fluids

A

Filtration

47
Q

reclaiming of valuable solutes

A

Reabsorbtion

48
Q

Adding noessential solutes and wastes from the body fluids to the filtrate

A

Secretion

49
Q

Processed filtrate containing nitrogenous wastes are released from the body

A

Excretion

50
Q

What organ is the main osmoregulatory/excretory organ of vertabrates?

A

Kidneys

51
Q

The kidney’s Function(3) in …

A
  1. Excretion: elimination of wastes and toxicants
  2. Osmoregulation: solute and water balance
  3. Acid/base balance: maintaining blood pH
52
Q

Human kidney’s are located on — sideof vertebral column, just below the —

A
  1. Either

2. Diaphragm

53
Q

Each kidney is connected to a — that drain urine from the kidney to the —— where stored until voided through —

A
  1. Ureter
  2. Urinary Bladder
  3. Urethra
54
Q

Nephron organization for stepwise processing of Blood filtrate

A
  1. filtration
  2. reabsorbtion
  3. Secretion
  4. Excretion
55
Q

The blood filtrate produced in Bowman’s capsule contains —,—,——,—,——, & other small molecules

  • Initial Concentrations are — as in plasma
A
  1. Salts, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, nitrogenous waste

2. Same

56
Q

The mammalian kidney’s ability to —— is a key terrestrial adaptation

A

Conserve Water

57
Q

Hyperosmotic urine can be produced only because considerable energy is — to transport — against ——

A
  1. Expended
  2. Solutes
  3. Concentration Gradients
58
Q

The two primary solutes affecting osmolartity are — & —

A

NaCl & Urea

59
Q

In the proximal tubule, — & — are reabsorbed

- FIltrate volume —, but its osmolarity remains the —

A
  1. Water & Salt
  2. Decreases
  3. Same
60
Q

The loop of Henle maintains a high — concentration in the kidney to reabsorb —

  • Utilizes a ———
A
  1. salt
  2. Water
  3. Countercurrent Multiplier System
61
Q

Considerable energy is expended to maintain the osmotic gradient between the — & —

  • For its size the kidney has one of the — metabolic rates of any organ
A
  1. Medulla & Cortex

2. Highest

62
Q

Mammals control the — & — of urine

A

Volume & Osmolarity

63
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin) regulates —— by making the collecting duct epithelium more — to water

A
  1. Water retention

2. Permeable

64
Q

An — in blood osmolarity triggers the release of ADH by the —— which helps to conserve water

A
  1. Increase

2. Posterior Pituitary

65
Q

Osmoreceptor cells in the — monitor — osmolarity and regulate release of — from the posterior pituitary

A
  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Blood
  3. ADH
66
Q

When osmolarity rises above its set point, ADH release —

A

Increases

67
Q

When osmolarity drops below a set point, ADH release —

A

Decreases

68
Q

— & — Inhibit the release of ADH

A

Alcohol & Caffeine

Biology 2 (16 decks)

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