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Biology 2 > Population & Community Ecology > Flashcards

Population & Community Ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

—: a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area
*Defined by their — (natural or artificial) and their —

A
  1. Population
  2. Boundaries
  3. Size
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2
Q

——: the study of population in relation to the environment

* Focuses in factors affecting —— over time

A
  1. Population Ecology

2. Population size

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3
Q

—: the number of individuals per unit area or volume

A

Density

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4
Q

—: the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population

A

Dispersion

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5
Q

In most cases, it is impractical or impossible to — all individuals in a population

A

Count

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6
Q

Sampling techniques can be used to estimate densities and total population sizes, for example by:

* Extrapolating from —— (e.g., number of trees in randomly located 100 x 100 m plots)    * Using an indicator of —— (e.g., number of nests, burrows, tracks or fecal droppings)    * ———
A
  1. Small samples
  2. Population size
  3. Mark-recapture method
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7
Q

Mark Recapture Method:

Scientists —,—, & — a random sample of individual in a population

A
  1. Capture
  2. Tag
  3. Release
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8
Q

Mark Recapture Method:

— individuals are given time to mix back into the —

A
  1. Marked

2. Population

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9
Q

Mark Recapture Method:

A — sample of individuals are — and the number that are marked is notes

A
  1. Second

2. Captured

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10
Q

Mark Recapture Method:

Population size is estimated by the equation: —=—/—

A

N= sn/x

S=individuals
n= second sample individuals
X= number marked
N= population size

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11
Q

Density is the result of an interplay between processes that — & — individuals to/from a —

A
  1. Add
  2. Remove
  3. Population
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12
Q

—: the influx of new individuals from other areas

A

Immigration

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13
Q

—: the movement of individuals out of a population

A

Emigration

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14
Q

Local densities within a population’s geographic range can — and create — of —

A
  1. Differ
  2. Patterns
  3. Dispersion
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15
Q

Spacing can be influenced by both — and — factors

A
  1. Environmental

2. Social

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16
Q

Individuals aggregate in —

A

Patches

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17
Q

—— is the most common pattern

A

Clumped Dispersion

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18
Q

Clumped Dispersion may be influenced by:

  • — availability
  • mating — & group —
A
  1. Resource
  2. Behavior
  3. Defense
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19
Q

Uniform Dispersion:

Individuals are ——

A

Evenly distributed

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20
Q

Uniform dispersion:

May be influenced by social interactions such as —, the defense of a bounded space against other individuals

A

Territoriality

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21
Q

Random Dispersion:

Position of each individual is — of others

A

Independent

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22
Q

Random Dispersion:

Occurs in Absence of strong — or —

A
  1. Attractions

2. Repulsions

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23
Q

Patterns of Dispersion:

Dispersion patterns tend to be highly dependent on the —— of the observer

A

Spatial scale

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24
Q

—: the study of the vital statistics of a population and how they change over time

A

Demographics

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25
Q

— and — factors influence birth, death, and migration rates of populations

A
  1. Biotic

2. Abiotic

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26
Q

Life Tables:
An — specific summary of the survival and reproductive rates within a population
*Often made by following the fate of a —, a group of individuals of the same age, from birth until all have died
*— are often ignored when studying sexually reproducing species because only — produce offspring
*E.g., Belding’s ground squirrels

A
  1. Age
  2. Cohort
  3. Males
  4. Females
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27
Q

——:
Graphic way of representing the data in a life table
* Belding’s ground squirrels show relatively constant death rates

A

Survivorship Curves

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28
Q

Sensorship Curves:

Type 1: — death rates during early and middle life, then an —in death rates among older age groups

A
  1. Low

2. Increase

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29
Q

Survivorship Curves:

Type 2: death rate is — over the organisms life span

A

Constant

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30
Q

Survivorship Curves:

Type 3: — death rates for the young, then a — death rate for survivors

A
  1. High

2. Slower

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31
Q

Survivorship Curves:

Many species are — to the curves

A

Intermediate

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32
Q

Reproductive rate for sexual organisms, measured as the average number of — offspring produced by the — in an —group

A
  1. Females
  2. Females
  3. Age
33
Q

Age-specific reproductive rates — considerable by —

A
  1. Vary

2. Species

34
Q

2 models are commonly used by ecologists to estimate population growth under ideal or limiting conditions:

  • —— describes population growth in an idealized, unlimited environment
  • —— describes how a population grows more slowly as it nears its carrying capacity associated with limiting resources
A
  1. Exponential model

2. Logistic model

35
Q

Exponential growth Model:
Helps is understand the capacity of species to increase and the conditions that may facilitate this growth
* Population increases at an exponential rate(r), ————
* Results in a —— curve

A
  1. Intrinsic rate of increase

2. J-shaped

36
Q

Exponential Growth Model:
Characterizes some populations introduced in a new — or ——
* E.g. elephant population in South Africa grew exponentially after hunting was banned

A
  1. Environment

2. Rebounding populations

37
Q

Logistic Growth Model:

Exponential growth cannot be — for — in any population

A
  1. Sustained

2. Long

38
Q

Logistic Growth Model:

A more realistic population model limits growth by incorporating ——

A

Carrying capacity

39
Q 
Carrying Capacity (K): — population size the environment can —
   * varies with the abundance of ——
A
  1. Maximum
  2. Support
  3. Limiting resources
40
Q

Rate of increase declines as —— is reached

* Produces a — curve

A
  1. Carrying Capacity (K)

2. Sigmoid (s-shaped)

41
Q

The growth of laboratory populations of paramecium fits an —— curve
* these organisms are grown in a constant environment lacking — & —

A
  1. S-shaped
  2. Predators
  3. Competitors
42
Q

Some populations:

  • overshoot K before settling down to a relatively stable —
  • Fluctuate greatly, making it difficult to define —
A
  1. Density

2. K

43
Q

The logistic model fits few ——, but is useful as a starting point for thinking about how ——

A
  1. Real populations

2. Populations grow

44
Q 
Th logistic model and real populations:
Can be used to:
   * Predict rates of ——
   * estimate sustainable ——
   * Estimate size below which population may become —
A
  1. Population recovery
  2. Harvest rates
  3. Extinct
45
Q

An organisms —— comprises the traits that affect its schedule of reproduction and survival

A

Life history

46
Q

Life history entails 3. Key components:

  • The age at which — begins
  • How much and how often an organism —
  • Amount of investment in ——
A
  1. Reproduction
  2. reproduces
  3. Parental care
47
Q

—, or ———: produce many offspring once and die

  • favored in highly variable or unpredictable environment where survival rates is —
  • E.g. salmon, agave plant
A
  1. Semelparity
  2. Big-bang reproduction
  3. Low
48
Q

—-, or ——: produce offspring repeatedly
Z8Favored in more stable or predictable environments where survival is more —
E.g., sea turtle, bur oak

A
  1. Iteroparity
  2. Repeated Reproduction
  3. Likely
49
Q

Organisms vary widely in the number of offspring they —

A

Produce

50
Q

Species that produce one or few offspring may — them better than species that produce many offspring

A

Provision

51
Q

Organisms have — resources, which may lease to —— between survival and reproduction
* e.g. trade off between survival; and parental care in European kestrels

A
  1. Finite

2. Trade-offs

52
Q

—— can also influence trade off between number and size of offspring

A

Selective Pressure

53
Q

If young are likely to —, may produce — small offspring
*Some plants produce a large number of small seeds, ensuring that at least some of them will grow and eventually reproduce

A
  1. Die

2. Many

54
Q

Greater —— in one or a few offspring enhances survival chances
* Some plants produce a moderate number of large seeds that provide a large store of energy that will help seedlings become established

A

Parental investment

55
Q

——: selects for life history traits that are advantageous at high population densities

  • Populations living at a density near carrying capacity, K
    * E.g., mature trees in old growth forests
A

K-Selection

56
Q

——: selects for life history traits that are advantageous at low population densities

  • Populations living well below carrying capacity, such that the intrinsic rate of increase (r) is maximized
  • E.g., weeds colonizing abandoned agricultural field
A

R-selection

57
Q

2 important questions about regulation of population growth:

  • What —— stop a population from — indefinitely?
  • Why are some populations fairly — in —, while others are not?
A
  1. Environmental Factors
  2. Growing
  3. Stable
  4. Size
58
Q

———: birth rate and death rate do not change with population density

A

Density-independent popualtions

59
Q

———: birth rates fall and death rates increase with rising population density

A

density dependent populations

60
Q

Population change and population density:

— sometimes exist

A

Combinations

61
Q

Density-dependent birth and death rates are an example of ——that regulates population growth and are affected by many factors, such as:

  • Competition for —
  • —
    *—
  • —
  • — factors
    * — wastes
A
  1. Negative Feedback
  2. Resources
  3. Territoriality
  4. Disease
  5. Predations
  6. Intrinsic
  7. Toxic
62
Q

In crowded populations, — population — intensifies competition for resources and results in a lower ——

A
  1. Increasing
  2. Density
  3. Reproductive Rate
63
Q

Territoriality:

Can limits —— when individuals compete for limited space

A

Population density

64
Q

Disease:

  • Population density can influence the — and — of organisms
  • In dense populations, — can spread more rapidly
A
  1. Health
  2. Survival
  3. Pathogens
65
Q

Predation:

As a prey population build up, — may feed preferentially on that —

A
  1. Predators

2. Species

66
Q

Intrinsic Factors:

For some populations, intrinsic(physiological) factors appear to regulate ——

A

Population size

67
Q

Toxic Wastes:

Accumulation of toxic wastes can contribute to —— regulation of population size

A

Density dependent

68
Q

Population Dynamics:

Focuses on the complex interactions between — and — factors that cause — in population size

A
  1. Biotic
  2. Abiotic
  3. Variation
69
Q

—: entry of individuals to an area

A

Immigration

70
Q

—: exit of individual from an area
* Often increases when
~ a population becomes —
~ Competition for resources —

A
  1. Emigration
  2. Crowded
  3. Increases
71
Q

Metapopualtions:
Local populations that are linked by — and —
* Occupy patches of — habitat surrounded by — habitat
*Those lost through extinctions can be — by immigration from other patches

A
  1. Immigration
  2. Emigration
  3. Suitable
  4. Unsuitable
  5. Recolonized
72
Q

The Global Human Popualtion:

Increase relatively — until about 1650 and then began to grow —

A
  1. Slowly

2. Exponentially

73
Q

The Global Human Population:

No longer growing — but is still — rapidly

A
  1. exponentially

2. Increasing

74
Q

To maintain population stability, a regional human population can exist in one of 2 configurations:

  • Zero population growth = — birth rate – — death rate
  • Zero population growth =— birth rate – —death rate
A
  1. High
  2. High
  3. Low
  4. Low
75
Q

——: the move from the first state to the second state

*Associated with an increase in quality of —— and improved access to —

A
  1. Demographic Transition
  2. Health Care
  3. Education
76
Q

Global Carrying Capacity:
* Population ecologists predict a global population of ~— billion people in 2050
~ The carrying capacity of Earth for humans is —

A
  1. 10

2. Uncertain

77
Q 
Global Carrying Capacity:
   Scientists have estimates on:
- — growth models
- area of ——
- — availability
A
  1. Logistic
  2. Habitable Land
  3. Food
78
Q

Our carrying capacity could potentially be limited by —, —, —, nonrenewable resources, buildup of wastes, — change, plagues and war

A
  1. food
  2. water
  3. Space
  4. Climate
79
Q

Unlike other organisms, we can regulate our population growth through ——

A

Social changes

Biology 2 (16 decks)

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