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Biology 2 > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

The immune system recognizes —— and responds with the production of —— and —

A
  1. Foreign Bodies
  2. Immune Cells
  3. Proteins
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2
Q

Recognition of self from non-self occurs by —— that bind specifically to molecules from —— and —

A
  1. receptor molecules
  2. Foreign cells
  3. Viruses
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3
Q

Are immune system can fight(5):

A
  1. Viruses
  2. Bacteria
  3. Protozoans
  4. Fungi
  5. Parasitic Animals
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4
Q

Only a small percentage of microbes are —, but are very good at invading our tissues when getting past initial barries

A

Pathogenic

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5
Q

What are the 2 types of immune defense?

A
  1. Innate Immunity

2. Adaptive Immunity

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6
Q

Innate Immunity is found in — animals and plants

A

All

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7
Q

Innate Immunity is present before any exposure to — and is effecive from the time of birth

A

Pathogens

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8
Q

Nonspecific Innate Immunity:

  • Consists of — barriers plus — cellular and chemical defenses
  • Relies on a ———— that bind structures common to a group of viruses, bacteria or other microbes
A
  1. External
  2. Internal
  3. Small set of receptors
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9
Q

Adaptive(aquired) Immunity:

  • Only in —
  • Activated after the ——— and develops more slowly
  • Highly specific:
    * Recognition relies on a vast arsenal of —, each of which is very — for a particular pathogen
  • Has memory to provide enhanced — when exposed again to the same pathogen
A
  1. Vertebrates
  2. Innate Immune response
  3. Receptors
  4. Specific
  5. Protection
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10
Q

Innate Immunity of Vertebrates:
- Some innate defenses are similar to those of invertebrates
1.—2.—3.—
- Other innate defenses are unique to vertebrates:
Eg. ———,— and the ——

A
  1. Barrier defenses, Phagocytosis, Antimicrobial peptides

2. Natural killer cells, interferons, and the complement system

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11
Q

Barrier Innate Defense:

- Include —, its normal ——, and —— of the —,—, & — tracts

A
  1. Skin
  2. Microbial Flora
  3. Mucous Membranes
  4. Respiratory
  5. Urinary
  6. Reproductive
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12
Q

Barrier Innate Defenses:

  • Mucus, Saliva, & Tears
    • Inhibit — through washing action
    • Contain — that destroys —— of —
A
  1. Colonization
  2. Lysozyme
  3. Cell walls
  4. Bacteria
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13
Q

Barrier Innate Defenses:

- Low pH of — and —— prevents growth of many bacteria

A

Skin & Digestive System

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14
Q

Cellular Innate Defenses:

What are the 4 phagocytic cell types?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Marcophages
  3. Dendritic Cells
  4. Eosinophils
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15
Q

Phagocytic Cells:

— circulates through the blood to infected tissues

A

Neutrophils

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16
Q

Phagocytic Cells:

— is found throughout the body; some migrate, some reside permanently in tissues

A

Macrophages

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17
Q

Phagocytic Cells:

—— mainly populate tissues that contact the environment (eg. Skin)

A

Dendritic Cells

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18
Q

Phagocytic Cells:

— often found beneath an epithelium and are important against multicellular invaders (eg. Parasitic worms)

A

Eosinophils

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19
Q

Natural Killer Cells:

  • Circulate through the body and detect ——, such as virally infected or cancerous cells
  • Do not —; instead release chemicals leading to cell death, inhibiting their spread
A
  1. Abnormal Cells

2. Engulf

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20
Q

Mast Cells:

  • Involved in local — & ——
  • Recruit — & —
A
  1. Inflamation & wound healing

2. Macrophages & neutrophils

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21
Q

Basophils:

  • Involved in local —
  • Defense against —
A
  1. Inflammation

2. Parasites

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22
Q

Both mast cells & basophils release — and can play a role in ——

A
  1. Histamines

2. Allergic Reactions

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23
Q
  • Microbes have different cell surface markers than vertebrates
    • Common to a wide range of — (i.e., non-specific)
    • Contain ————
      - Recognized by — immune cells
A
  1. Microbes
  2. Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns(PAMPs)
  3. Phagocytic
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24
Q

-Binding of — triggers release of —: chemical that signals the presence of a pathogen to immune cells and to induce a response
* ~40 types, including:
—: mediate interactions between leukocytes
—: interfere with viral replication and help activate macrophages
—: is comprised of about 30 proteins which cause lysis of invading cells and help trigger inflammation

A
  1. PAMP
  2. Cytokines
  3. Interleukins
  4. Interferons
  5. Complement System
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25
Q

Inflammatory Response:
-Brought about upon — or —

Involves:

  1. ——
  2. —
  3. —
  4. ——
    - Histamines
    - Cytokines
A

Injury or Infection

  1. Mast Cells
  2. Macrophages
  3. Neutrophils
  4. Signaling Molecule
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26
Q

Step 1

——, found in connective tissue release —, which triggers blood vessels to dialte and become more permeable

A
  1. Mast Cells

2. Histamine

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27
Q

Step 2

Activated — release — that recruit —

A
  1. Macrophages
  2. Cytokines
  3. Neutrophils
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28
Q

Step 3

— digest — and ——. — heals

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Pathogens
  3. Cell debris
  4. Tissue
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29
Q

Inflammation can be either — or —

A
  1. Local

2. Systemic(throughout body)

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30
Q

—: a systemic inflamatory response triggered by — released by macrophages and include toxins from pathogens

A
  1. Fever

2. Pyrogens

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31
Q

Certain bacterial infections can lead to ——, a life threatening condition caused by an overwhelming systemic inflammatory response

A

Septic Shock

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32
Q

The adaptive response relies on 2 types of lymphocytes:

—— & ——

A

B cells & T cells

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33
Q

——: humoral response

A

Bcells

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34
Q

——: cell-mediated response

A

Tcells

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35
Q

All blood cells originate from stem cells in bone marrow:

  • B cells: remain and mature in ——
  • T cells: migrate to and mature in the —
A
  1. Bone Marrow

2. thymus

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36
Q
  • B cells make —
    • Secreted in the — component of blood
    • Also serve as ——— for B cells
A
  1. Antibodies
  2. Liquid (humoral)
  3. Membrane-bound receptors
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37
Q

What are the 3 populations of T cells?

  • Produce various cell-mediated responses after a pathogen binds to a specific T cell receptor
A
  1. Helper T cells
  2. Cytotoxic T cells
  3. Regulatory T cells
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38
Q

—: substance that elicits a response from a B or T cell

* Usually — and are typically —— that protrude from the surface of a pathogen

A
  1. Antigen
  2. Foreign
  3. Large Molecules
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39
Q
  • Recognition occurs through specific —— activating the cell
    • Millions of different receptors, but each cell expresses many copies of only — antigen receptor
A
  1. Antigen Receptors

2. One

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40
Q
  • —: accessible part of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor
    • Represents only a small region of the — (e.g., range of ~5 – 20 amino acids of a protein)
A
  1. Epitope

2. Antigen

41
Q

Antigen receptors of B cells and T cells have ——, but they encounter — in different ways

A
  1. Similar components

2. Antigens

42
Q

Each B cell antigen receptor is a —— molecule with two identical —— and two identical ——

A
  1. Y-shaped
  2. Heavy chains
  3. Light chains
43
Q
  • Both are comprised of — and — regions
    • Constant regions vary —, whereas the variable regions differ —
    • The — regions provide antigen specificity
A
  1. Constant (c)
  2. Variable (v)
  3. Little
  4. Greatly
  5. Variable
44
Q

Heavy and light chain variable regions are —, generating unique binding sites

A

Asymmetrical

45
Q

Both antigen binding site are —

A

Identical

46
Q
  • Binding of a B cell antigen receptor to an antigen is an early step in ———
    • Gives rise to cells that secrete a soluble form of the receptor called an — or —
A
  1. B cell activation
  2. Antibody
  3. Immunoglobulin (Ig)
47
Q

Each T cell receptor consists of two different —— (called a and B)

A

Polypeptide chain

48
Q

The tips of the chain form a — region; the rest is a — region

A
  1. Variable (V)

2. Constant (C)

49
Q

T cell and B cell antigen receptors are ——

A

Functionally different

50
Q
  • T cells bind to —— presented on a host cell surface by —molecules
    • ——: can display many different antigen fragments
A
  1. Antigen Fragments
  2. MHC ( major histocompatibility complex)
  3. Not specific
51
Q

MHC Class 1 is found on all host ——

A

Nucleated cells

52
Q
  • Display — antigens to — T cells
    • — = hosts normal microbial flora and virally infected or mutated host cells
    • Presentation of foreign or over-abundant antigens targets cell for —
A
  1. Endogenous
  2. Cytoxic
  3. Endogenous
  4. Destruction
53
Q

MHC Class 2:

  • FOund on antigen presenting cells (APCs):
    1. ——
    2. ——
    3. —
A
  1. B cells
  2. Dendritic Cells
  3. Macrophage
54
Q

In infected cells, host MHC molecules bind and transport —— to the ——

A
  1. Antigen fragments

2. Cell Surface

55
Q
  • T cell then binds both the — and the — molecule

* This interaction is necessary for the T cell to participate in the ———

A
  1. Antigen Fragement
  2. MHC
  3. Adaptive Immune Response
56
Q

Step 1. Pathogen — or is taken in by a host cell
Step 2. Enzymes — the antigen into smaller fragements
Step 3. MHC — the fragments and presents them on the ——
Step 4. T-cell binding requires — & ——

A
  1. Infects
  2. Cleave
  3. Binds
  4. Cell surface
  5. Antigen & MHC Recognition
57
Q
  • The adaptive immune system has 4 major characteristics:
    1. Diversity of — & —
    2. —— (i.e., lack of reactivity against an animal’s own molecules)
    3. B and T cells — after activation
    4. — memory
A
  1. Lymphocytes & receptors
  2. Self-Tolerance
  3. Proliferate
  4. Immunological
58
Q

By combining variable elements, the immune system assembles a diverse variety of ——

A

Antigen Receptors

59
Q

Diversity is provided by the — gene structure

A

Immunoglobulin (Ig)

60
Q

-Many different chains that make up the receptor can be produced from the same gene by — of the —

E.g., the B cell light chain Ig is comprised of 3 segments:

  • —
  • —
  • —
A
  1. Rearrangment
  2. DNA
  3. Variable (v)
  4. Joining (j)
  5. Constant (C)
61
Q

— different variable regions and — different joining regions

A
  1. 40

2. 5

62
Q

By combining the light chain & heavy chain variations and chain combinations results in ——— antigen-binding specificities

A

> 1 million

63
Q

As lymphocytes mature in —— or the —, they are tested for ——

A
  1. Bone marrow
  2. thymus
  3. Self-reactivity
64
Q
  • Some B and T cells with receptors specific for the body’s own molecules are destroyed by —, or programmed ——
    • The remainder are rendered —
A
  1. Apoptosis
  2. Cell death
  3. Nonfunctional
65
Q

There are few lymphocytes with antigen receptors for any particular —

A

Epitope

66
Q
  • In the lymph nodes, an antigen is exposed to a steady stream of lymphocytes until ————
    • Initiates events that activate the —
A
  1. A match is made

2. Lymphocyte

67
Q

Once activated, a B cell or T cell undergoes — cell divisions to produce — of ——

A
  1. Multiple
  2. Clones
  3. Identical Cells
68
Q

What are the two types of cloned cells produced?

A
  1. Effector Cells

2. Memory Cells

69
Q

Effector cells: these are —— and act — against the antigen

  • Effector B cells: —— (secrete antibodies)
  • Effector T cells: — T cells and — T cells
A
  1. Short-lived
  2. Immediately
  3. Plasma Cells
  4. Helper
  5. Cytoxic
70
Q

Immunlogical memory is responsible for —— protections against diseases, due to either a prior — or —

A
  1. Long-term
  2. Infection
  3. Vaccination
71
Q

First exposure elicits the ———:

  • Selected B and T cells give rise to their ——
  • Memory cells produced for — immune response
A
  1. Primary Immune Response
  2. Effector Forms
  3. Secondary
72
Q

In the secondary immune response, a reservoir of T and B memory cells facilitate a —, — and —— response

A
  1. Faster
  2. Stronger
  3. Longer-lasting
73
Q

Helper T cells trigger both the ——— & ————

A
  1. Humoral Immune Response

2. Cell-mediated Immune Response

74
Q

Humoral Immune Response:

* Production of — by B cells that ——

A
  1. Antibodies

2. Neutralize Pathogens

75
Q

Cell-Mediated Immune Response:

* Activation of — T cells that kill ——

A
  1. Cytotoxic

2. Infected Cells

76
Q

The antigen must be displayed on the surface of an ———by an ——— molecule
*MHC II provides the ——by which antigen-presenting cells are —

A
  1. Antigen Presenting Cell (APC)
  2. MHC Class 2
  3. Molecular Signature
  4. Recognized
77
Q

Antigen receptors on the surface of helper T cells bind to the — and the ——— molecule; then — signals are exchanged between the two cells

A
  1. Antigen
  2. Class 2 MHC
  3. Cytokine
78
Q

The helper T cell is —, —, and — a clone of helper T cells, which then activate the appropriate — cells and cytotoxic —cells

A
  1. Activated
  2. Proliferates
  3. Forms
  4. B
  5. T
79
Q

———are the effector cells in the cell-mediated immune response

A

Cytotoxic T Cells

80
Q

The activated cytotoxic T cell secretes — that disrupt the membranes of —— and trigger —

A
  1. Proteins
  2. Target Cells
  3. Apoptosis
81
Q

Recognize fragments of foreign proteins produced by infected cells and possess an accessory protein that binds to ——— molecules

A

Class 1 MHC

82
Q

The activated cytotoxic T cell secretes — and —. Perforin disrupts the membranes of target cells

A
  1. Perforin

2. Granzymes

83
Q

Granzymes trigger —, leading to — and — of the cytotoxic T cell

A
  1. Apoptosis
  2. Fragmentation
  3. Release
84
Q

The humoral response is characterized by secretion of antibodies by ——

A

B cells

85
Q

Activation of B cells requires 2 things:

  • ——
  • —————
A
  1. An antigen

2. Cytokines from Helper T cells

86
Q

In response, a B cell proliferates and differentiates into 2 cells types:

  • ——:antibody secreting effector cells
  • ———: quickly convert into plasma cells upon a future exposure to the same antigen
A
  1. Plasma Cells

2. Memory B cells

87
Q

An antigen presenting cell engulfs a — and presents a —— on the cell surface via MHC II

A
  1. Pathogen

2. Small Fragment

88
Q

Helper T cell with corresponding antigen receptor binds and gets — (with aid of cytokines from presenting cell)

A

Activated

89
Q

B cell takes in a few foreign molecules by ——— and presents a small fragment on the cell surface via MHC II

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

90
Q

Activated Helper T cell with corresponding antigen receptor binds to and activates the —— (with aid of cytokines)

A

B cell

91
Q

Activated B cell proliferates and differentiates into ———and —— that secrete antibodies specific for the same antigen

A

Memory B cells & Plasma Cells

92
Q

A variety of B cells activated by one antigen will give rise to —— producing — directed against different epitopes of the common antigen.

A
  1. Plasma Cells

2. Antibodies

93
Q

Antibodies ——— pathogens

A

Do Not Kill

94
Q

Act by:

  • —: interfering with pathogen activity
  • —: marking them for destruction
  • Working with the —— to generate a ——— to lyse the pathogen
A
  1. Neutralization
  2. Opsonization
  3. Complement System
  4. Membrane Attack Complex
95
Q

Antibodies bind to viral surface proteins preventing — of a host cell
*Can also bind to — in body fluids and prevent them from — body cells

A
  1. Infection
  2. Toxins
  3. Entering
96
Q

Antibodies bind to antigens on bacteria creating a target for — or —, triggering —

A
  1. Macrophages
  2. Neutrophils
  3. Phagocytosis
97
Q

Both the — and —— responses can include primary and secondary immune responses

A
  1. Humoral

2. Cell-Mediated

98
Q

Memory cells enable the ——

A

Secondary response

Biology 2 (16 decks)

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