Immune System Flashcards
The immune system recognizes —— and responds with the production of —— and —
- Foreign Bodies
- Immune Cells
- Proteins
Recognition of self from non-self occurs by —— that bind specifically to molecules from —— and —
- receptor molecules
- Foreign cells
- Viruses
Are immune system can fight(5):
- Viruses
- Bacteria
- Protozoans
- Fungi
- Parasitic Animals
Only a small percentage of microbes are —, but are very good at invading our tissues when getting past initial barries
Pathogenic
What are the 2 types of immune defense?
- Innate Immunity
2. Adaptive Immunity
Innate Immunity is found in — animals and plants
All
Innate Immunity is present before any exposure to — and is effecive from the time of birth
Pathogens
Nonspecific Innate Immunity:
- Consists of — barriers plus — cellular and chemical defenses
- Relies on a ———— that bind structures common to a group of viruses, bacteria or other microbes
- External
- Internal
- Small set of receptors
Adaptive(aquired) Immunity:
- Only in —
- Activated after the ——— and develops more slowly
- Highly specific:
* Recognition relies on a vast arsenal of —, each of which is very — for a particular pathogen - Has memory to provide enhanced — when exposed again to the same pathogen
- Vertebrates
- Innate Immune response
- Receptors
- Specific
- Protection
Innate Immunity of Vertebrates:
- Some innate defenses are similar to those of invertebrates
1.—2.—3.—
- Other innate defenses are unique to vertebrates:
Eg. ———,— and the ——
- Barrier defenses, Phagocytosis, Antimicrobial peptides
2. Natural killer cells, interferons, and the complement system
Barrier Innate Defense:
- Include —, its normal ——, and —— of the —,—, & — tracts
- Skin
- Microbial Flora
- Mucous Membranes
- Respiratory
- Urinary
- Reproductive
Barrier Innate Defenses:
- Mucus, Saliva, & Tears
- Inhibit — through washing action
- Contain — that destroys —— of —
- Colonization
- Lysozyme
- Cell walls
- Bacteria
Barrier Innate Defenses:
- Low pH of — and —— prevents growth of many bacteria
Skin & Digestive System
Cellular Innate Defenses:
What are the 4 phagocytic cell types?
- Neutrophils
- Marcophages
- Dendritic Cells
- Eosinophils
Phagocytic Cells:
— circulates through the blood to infected tissues
Neutrophils
Phagocytic Cells:
— is found throughout the body; some migrate, some reside permanently in tissues
Macrophages
Phagocytic Cells:
—— mainly populate tissues that contact the environment (eg. Skin)
Dendritic Cells
Phagocytic Cells:
— often found beneath an epithelium and are important against multicellular invaders (eg. Parasitic worms)
Eosinophils
Natural Killer Cells:
- Circulate through the body and detect ——, such as virally infected or cancerous cells
- Do not —; instead release chemicals leading to cell death, inhibiting their spread
- Abnormal Cells
2. Engulf
Mast Cells:
- Involved in local — & ——
- Recruit — & —
- Inflamation & wound healing
2. Macrophages & neutrophils
Basophils:
- Involved in local —
- Defense against —
- Inflammation
2. Parasites
Both mast cells & basophils release — and can play a role in ——
- Histamines
2. Allergic Reactions
- Microbes have different cell surface markers than vertebrates
- Common to a wide range of — (i.e., non-specific)
- Contain ————
- Recognized by — immune cells
- Microbes
- Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns(PAMPs)
- Phagocytic
-Binding of — triggers release of —: chemical that signals the presence of a pathogen to immune cells and to induce a response
* ~40 types, including:
—: mediate interactions between leukocytes
—: interfere with viral replication and help activate macrophages
—: is comprised of about 30 proteins which cause lysis of invading cells and help trigger inflammation
- PAMP
- Cytokines
- Interleukins
- Interferons
- Complement System
Inflammatory Response:
-Brought about upon — or —
Involves:
- ——
- —
- —
- ——
- Histamines
- Cytokines
Injury or Infection
- Mast Cells
- Macrophages
- Neutrophils
- Signaling Molecule
Step 1
——, found in connective tissue release —, which triggers blood vessels to dialte and become more permeable
- Mast Cells
2. Histamine
Step 2
Activated — release — that recruit —
- Macrophages
- Cytokines
- Neutrophils
Step 3
— digest — and ——. — heals
- Neutrophils
- Pathogens
- Cell debris
- Tissue
Inflammation can be either — or —
- Local
2. Systemic(throughout body)
—: a systemic inflamatory response triggered by — released by macrophages and include toxins from pathogens
- Fever
2. Pyrogens
Certain bacterial infections can lead to ——, a life threatening condition caused by an overwhelming systemic inflammatory response
Septic Shock
The adaptive response relies on 2 types of lymphocytes:
—— & ——
B cells & T cells
——: humoral response
Bcells
——: cell-mediated response
Tcells
All blood cells originate from stem cells in bone marrow:
- B cells: remain and mature in ——
- T cells: migrate to and mature in the —
- Bone Marrow
2. thymus
- B cells make —
- Secreted in the — component of blood
- Also serve as ——— for B cells
- Antibodies
- Liquid (humoral)
- Membrane-bound receptors
What are the 3 populations of T cells?
- Produce various cell-mediated responses after a pathogen binds to a specific T cell receptor
- Helper T cells
- Cytotoxic T cells
- Regulatory T cells
—: substance that elicits a response from a B or T cell
* Usually — and are typically —— that protrude from the surface of a pathogen
- Antigen
- Foreign
- Large Molecules
- Recognition occurs through specific —— activating the cell
- Millions of different receptors, but each cell expresses many copies of only — antigen receptor
- Antigen Receptors
2. One