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Biology 2 > Population & Ecology Pt. 2 > Flashcards

Population & Ecology Pt. 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Biological —: an assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for potential interaction

A

COmmunity

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2
Q

——: relationships between species in a community

A

Interspecific Interactions

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3
Q

Interspecific Interactions can affect the — & — of each species, can be summarized as:

  • —(help)(+)
  • — (harm)(-)
  • ——(0)
A
  1. Positive
  2. Negative
  3. No effect
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4
Q

Interspecific Interactions Examples:

  • —
  • —
  • —
  • —
  • —
A
  1. Competition
  2. Predation
  3. Herbivory
  4. Mutualism
  5. Commenalism
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5
Q

— is an interaction that occurs when species compete for a limited resource

A

Competition

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6
Q

Strong competition can lead to ——: local elimination of an inferior competing species

A

Competitive exclusion

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7
Q

——— states that 2 species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexists in the same place

A

Competitive exclusion principle

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8
Q

——: sum of a species use of biotic and abiotic resources

A

Ecological niche

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9
Q

Ecologically similar species can coexist in a community if there are one or more significant differences in their niches, known as ——

A

Resource Partitioning

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10
Q

——: niche potentially occupied by that species

A

Fundamental niche

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11
Q

——: niche actually occupied by that species

A

Realized Niche

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12
Q

As a result of competition, a species — niche may differ from it — niche

A
  1. Fundamental

2. Realized

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13
Q

Species can partition niches in — & —

A
  1. Space

2. time

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14
Q

Temporal Niche Partitioning:
E.g. common spiny mouse and the golden spiny mouse
* Both species are normally —
* Where they —, the golden spiny mouse becomes dinural (active during the day)

A
  1. Nocturnal

2. Coexsist

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15
Q

Any exploitation interaction in which one species — by — on the other species

A
  1. Benefits

2. Feeding

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16
Q

Exploration Includes:

  • —
  • —
  • —
A
  1. predation
  2. Herbivory
  3. Parasitism
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17
Q

— interaction is where one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey

A

Predation

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18
Q

Predator adaptation includes: —,—,—,—, & —

A
  1. Claws
  2. Teeth
  3. Fangs
  4. Stingers
  5. Poison
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19
Q

Prey adaptations include: —,—,—— or —,——, & ——

A
  1. Hiding
  2. Fleeing
  3. Forming herds or Schools
  4. Self-defense
  5. Alarm calls
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20
Q

Animals also have morphological and physiological defense adaptations

  • — & — defenses
  • —
  • —
A
  1. Mechanical
  2. Chemical
  3. Coloration
  4. mimicry
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21
Q

A porcupine is an example of a — defense and a skunk is an example of a — defense

A
  1. Mechanical

2. Chemical

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22
Q

——: camouflage, makes prey difficult to spot

A

Cryptic Coloration

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23
Q

——: bright coloration warning of chemical defenses

A

Aposematic Coloration

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24
Q

——: a palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful model

A

Batesian Mimicry

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25
Q

——: two or more unpalatable species resemble each other

A

Mullerian mimicry

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26
Q

— interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or algae

A

Herbivory

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27
Q

Plant structural and chemical defenses include: —, —, & —

A
  1. Spines
  2. Thorns
  3. Toxins
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28
Q

Herbivore adaptations include:

  • —— in extremities to specialized ability to recognize dangerous plants by smell and taste
  • Specialized — or —— for processing vegetation
A
  1. Chemical sensors
  2. Teeth
  3. Digestive systems
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29
Q

A — interaction in which one organism, the — derives nourishment from another organism, its — which is harmed in the process

A
  1. Parasitism
  2. Parasite
  3. Host
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30
Q

—: live within the body of their host

A

Endoparasites

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31
Q

—: live on external surface of a host

A

Ectoparasites

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32
Q

Positive Interactions: At least one species benefits and neither is harmed~

  • — (+/+)
  • — (+/0)
A
  1. Mutualism

2. Commensalism

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33
Q

—(+/+) interaction that benefits both species

A

Mutualism

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34
Q

In mutualism both species incur —, but the benefits to each partner — the costs

A
  1. Costs

2. Exceeds

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35
Q

A mutualism can be:

  • —: one species cannot survive without the other
  • —: both species can survive alone
A
  1. Obligate

2. Facultative

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36
Q

— (+/0) interaction in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

A

Commenalism

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37
Q

In commensalism some interactions that are typically comes along may at time become —(+/+)

A

Mutualistic

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38
Q

Two fundamental features of community structure are —— and ——

A
  1. Species diversity

2. Feeding realtionship

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39
Q

In some cases, a few species in a community exert strong control that ——

A

Community’s structure

40
Q

Species diversity is a — of organisms that make up the —

A
  1. Variety

2. Community

41
Q

2 components of special diversity:

  • ——: total number of different species in the community
  • ——: proportion each species represents of the total individuals in the community
A
  1. species richness

2. relative abundance

42
Q

Two communities can have the same species — but a different ——

A
  1. Richness

2. Relative abundance

43
Q

Benefits of communities with high species diversity are more — and more — in their productivity

A
  1. Productive

2. Stable

44
Q

Benefits of communities with high species diversity are better able to withstand and recover from ——

A

Environmental stresses

45
Q

Communities with high species diversity are more resistant to ——, organisms that become established outside their native range

A

Invasive species

46
Q

—— is the feeding relationship between organisms in a community

A

Tropic structure

47
Q

——: link tropic levels from producers to top carnivores

A

Food chains

48
Q

——: the position an organism occupies in a food chain

A

Tropic level

49
Q

Food chains are NOT —, but are — together

A
  1. Isolates

2. Linked

50
Q

——: a branching food chain with complex trophies interactions
* species may play a role at more than one ——

A
  1. Food webs

2. Tropic level

51
Q

Each food chain in a food web is usually only a — links long

A

Few

52
Q

——: suggests that length is limited by inefficient energy transfer

A

Energetic Hypothesis

53
Q

Only about — of the energy stored in organic matter at each tropic level is converted to —— at the next trophies level

A
  1. 10%

2. Organic Matter

54
Q

—: total mass of all individuals in a population

A

Biomass

55
Q

Food chain length may be limited by the fact that — tend to be larger at — tropic levels
* Becomes more diffuclt to obtain enough food from small prey efficiently enough to meet — needs

A
  1. Carnivores
  2. Higher
  3. Metabolic
56
Q

Highly abundant species play a pivotal role in community dynamics by impacting either, or both:

  • — interactions
  • — environment
A
  1. Tropic

2. Physical

57
Q

3 types of species with a large impact:

  1. — species
  2. — species
  3. ——
A
  1. Dominant
  2. Keystone
  3. Ecosystem Engineers
58
Q

— species are those that are most abundant or have the highest biomass

A

Dominant

59
Q

One hypothesis suggests that dominant species are most competitive in ——

A

Exploiting resources

60
Q

Another hypothesis is that dominant species are most successful at avoiding — or —
* — species, typically introduced to a new environment by humans, often lack predators or parasites

A
  1. Predators
  2. Disease
  3. Invasive
61
Q

— species exert strong control on a community by their ecological roles, or niches

A

Keystone

62
Q

Keystone species in contrast to dominant species, they are not necessarily abundant in a —

A

Community

63
Q

—— cause physical changes in the environment that affect community structure
* E.g. beaver dams can transform landscapes on a very large scale

A

Ecosystem Engineers

64
Q

———: proposes a unidirectional influence from lower to higher tropic level
* Presence/abscesses of —— controls plant numbers, herbivore numbers, and predator numbers

A
  1. Bottom Up Model

1. mineral nutrients

65
Q

———: proposes that control comes from the tropic level above

* — limit herbivore, herbivores limit plants, plants limit nutrient levels through nutrients uptake

A
  1. Top down model

2. Predators

66
Q

—: an event that changes a community by removing organisms or altering resource availability

  • —,— and — are examples
  • Keeps many communities from reaching a state of — in species diversity or composition
A
  1. Disturbance
  2. Storms, fire, floods
  3. equilibrium
67
Q

———: suggests that moderate levels of disturbance can foster greater diversity than either high or low levels

A

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

68
Q

High levels of disturbance exclude many —— species

A

Slow growing

69
Q

Low levels of disturbance allow — species to exclude — competitive species

A
  1. Dominant

2. Less

70
Q

——: the sequence of community and ecosystem changes after a disturbance

A

Ecological succession

71
Q

—— occurs where no soil exists when succession begins

* — & — are often initial life forms followed by lichens and mosses & then grasses, shrubs and trees

A
  1. Primary succession

2. Protists & prokaryotes

72
Q

—— begins in an area where soil remains after a disturbance

* Common after forest — or — agricultural land

A
  1. Secondary succession
  2. Fire
  3. Abandoned
73
Q

Early-arriving species and later-arriving species may be linked in one of 3 processes:

  1. Early arrivals may — appearance of later species by making the environment favorable
  2. They may — establishment of later species
  3. They may — later species but have no impact on their establishment
A
  1. Facilitate
  2. Inhibit
  3. Tolerate
74
Q

Succession is the result of changes induced by the — itself

* — plant species facilitate later arrivals by increasing soil nitrogen content

A
  1. Vegetation

2. Pioneer

75
Q

Successional stages (in order):

  1. —
  2. —
  3. —
  4. —
A
  1. Pioneer
  2. Dryas
  3. Alder
  4. Spruce
76
Q

— have the greatest impact on biological communities worldwide

A

Humans

77
Q

Humans disturbance to communities usually reduces species —

A

Diversity

78
Q

2 key factors that affect a communities species diversity are — & —

A
  1. Latitude

2. Area

79
Q

Species richness is especially great in the — & generally — in a gradient toward the poles

A
  1. Tropics

2. Declines

80
Q

2 key factors affecting latitudinal gradients of species richness are —— & —

A

Evolutionary history & climate

81
Q

Evolutionary history:

  • — environments may have greater species richness becaus ether has been more time for —
  • temperate & polar communities have “——“ repeatedly following glaciations
A
  1. Tropical
  2. Speciation
  3. Started over
82
Q

Climate is likely the primary cause if the — gradient in biodiversity

A

Latitudinal

83
Q

Two main climatic factors correlated with biodiversity are — & —
* can be considered together by measuring a community’s rate —

A
  1. Sunlight
  2. Precipitation
  3. Evapotranspiration
84
Q

—: evaporation of water from soil + transpiration of water from plants
* function of — radiation, — & — availability

A
  1. Evapotranspiration
  2. Solar
  3. Temperature
  4. Water
85
Q

——: the measure of potential water loss, assuming water is available
* determined by amount of —— & —

A
  1. Potential Evapotranspiration
  2. Solar radiation
  3. Temperature
86
Q

—— of plants and animals correlates with Evapotranspiration & potential Evapotranspiration

A

Species richness

87
Q

———: quantifies the idea that, all other factors being equal, a larger geographic area has more species
* Due to greater — of habitats

A
  1. Species-area curve

2. Diversity

88
Q

Species richness on islands depends on:

  • — size
  • — from the mainland
  • — & —
A
  1. Island
  2. Distance
  3. Immigration
  4. Extinction
89
Q

An equilibrium will be reached where the rate of —=— of —

A

Immigration = rate of extinction

90
Q

Community structure is universally affected by —, which include disease causing microorganisms and viruses
* can alter —— quickly and extensively

A
  1. Pathogens

2. Community structure

91
Q

Human activities are transporting — around the world at unprecedented rates

A

Pathogens

92
Q

——: transferred to humans from other animals

A

Zoonotic pathogens

93
Q

The transfer of pathogens can be direct or through an intermediate species called a —

A

Vector

94
Q

Many of today’s emerging human diseases are —

A

Zoonotic

95
Q

Identifying the community of hosts and vectors for a pathogen can help prevent —

A

Disease

Biology 2 (16 decks)

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