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Biology 2 > Ecosystems > Flashcards

Ecosystems Flashcards

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1
Q

Regardless of an ecosystems size, its dynamics involve 2 main processes: —— & ——

A
  1. Energy Flow

2. Chemical Cycling

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2
Q

Energy flows — ecosystems while chemical cycle — them

A
  1. Through

2. Within

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3
Q

Ecologist study the transformations of — & — in an ecosystem and map the movements of ——

A
  1. Energy
  2. Matter
  3. Chemical elements
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4
Q

First law of thermodynamics: energy cannot be — or —, only — or —

A
  1. Created
  2. Destroyed
  3. Transferred
  4. Transform
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5
Q

Energy enters an ecosystem as ——, some is transformed into — energy by plants that is transferred to other organisms, and is ultimately lost as —

A
  1. Solar radiation
  2. Chemical
  3. Heat
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6
Q

Second law of thermodynamics: every exchange of energy — the — of the universe

A
  1. Increases

2. Entropy

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7
Q

In an ecosystem, energy conversion are not completely —, and some energy is always — as heat

A
  1. Efficient

2. Lost

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8
Q

Law of conservation of mass: — cannot be — or —

A
  1. Matter
  2. Created
  3. Destroyed
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9
Q

Chemical elements are continually — within ecosystem

A

Recycled

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10
Q

Although most elements are not gained or lost on a — scale, they can be gained or lost from a particular —

A
  1. Global

2. Ecosystem

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11
Q

Ecosystems are — systems, absorbing — & — and releasing — & — products

A
  1. Open
  2. Energy
  3. Mass
  4. Heat
  5. Waste
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12
Q

If a nutrients — from an ecosystem exceed its —, that nutrient will limit —

A
  1. Outputs
  2. Inputs
  3. Production
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13
Q

Ecologists group species into tropical levels based on their main source of nutrition and energy:

  • —: build molecules themselves using photosynthesis or chemo synthesis as an energy source
  • —: depend on the bio synthetic output of other organisms
A
  1. Autotrophs

2. Heterotrophs

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14
Q 
Energy and nutrients pass from:
Primary producers(—) to primary consumers (—) to secondary consumers (—) then to tertiary consumers (— that feed on other —)
A
  1. Autotrophs
  2. Herbivores
  3. Carnivores
  4. Carnivores
  5. Carnivores
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15
Q

—, or —: consumers that derive their energy from —, nonliving organic matter

A
  1. Detritivores
  2. Decomposes
  3. Detritus
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16
Q

— & — are the main detritivores

A
  1. Prokaryotes

2. Fungi

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17
Q

Decomposers play a critical role in recycling — elements to ——

A
  1. Chemical

2. Primary producers

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18
Q

— connects all tropic levels

A

Decomposition

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19
Q

In most ecosystems, —— is the amount of light energy converted to chemical; energy by autotrophs during a given time period

A

Primary production

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20
Q

In some ecosystems, initial energy input is — an chemoautotroph are the ——

A
  1. Chemical

2. Primary producers

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21
Q

The amount of solar radiation reaching the earth’s surface limits — — of ecosystems
* Varies with —, with most in the tropics

A
  1. Photosynthetic output

2. Latitude

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22
Q

Only a small fraction of solar energy actually strikes — organisms, and even less is of a usable —

A
  1. Photosynthetic

2. Wavelength

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23
Q

The extent of photosynthetic production sets the —— for an ecosystems — budget

A
  1. Spending limit

2. Energy

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24
Q

———: total primary production

* measured as the conversion of — from — to ——— per unit time

A
  1. Gross primary production (GPP)
  2. Energy
  3. Light
  4. Organic chemical energy
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25
Q

———: amount of new biomass added in a given area over a given time period, not the total biomass of autotrophs

A

Net primary production (NPP)

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26
Q

NPP is equal to — minus — used by primary producers for —

A
  1. GPP
  2. Energy
  3. Respiration
27
Q

NPP on average is equal to about — of —

A
  1. 1/2

2. GPP

28
Q

Only NPP is available to —

A

Consumers

29
Q

———, —, & —— are among the most productive ecosystems per unit area

A
  1. Tropical rain forests
  2. Estuaries
  3. Coral reefs
30
Q

Marine ecosystems are relatively — per unit area, but contribute much to global net —— because of their —

A
  1. Unproductive
  2. Primary production
  3. Volume
31
Q

Net ecosystem production (NEP) is the measure of total —— during a given period

A

Biomes accumulation

32
Q

NEP= — minus the total — of — organisms in an ecosystem

A
  1. GPP
  2. Respiration
  3. All
33
Q

NEP is useful in determining whether an ecosystem is — or ——-

A
  1. Gaining
  2. Losing
  3. Biomass
34
Q

Primary production in aquatic ecosystems is controlled by both — & —

A
  1. Light

2. Nutrients

35
Q

Light: — of light penetration affects —— in the photic zone of an ocean or lake

A
  1. Depth

2. Primary production

36
Q

Nutrients:

* More than —, nutrients limit primary production in most — & —

A
  1. Light
  2. Oceans
  3. Lakes
37
Q

——: an element that must be added for production to increase in an area
* — & — most often limit marine production

A
  1. Limiting Nutrient
  2. Nitrogen
  3. Phosphorus
38
Q

The addition of large amount of — to lake has a wide range of — impacts

A
  1. Nutrients

2. Ecological

39
Q

In some areas sewage runoff has caused — of lakes, which can lead to loss of most fish species

A

Eutrophication

40
Q

— limits Cyanobacteria growth more often than — in lake~led to the use of phosphate-free detergents

A
  1. Phosphorus

2. Nitrogen

41
Q

In terrestrial ecosystems, — & — affect primary production on a large scale

A
  1. Temperature

2. Moisture

42
Q

Soil nutrients often limit primary production in — ecosystems

A

Terrestrial

43
Q

— is the most common limiting nutrient in soils

A

Nitrogen

44
Q

— can also be a limiting nutrient, especially on older soils

A

Phosphorus

45
Q

Various adaptations help plants access limiting nutrients from soil:
*Some plants form — with — fixing bacteria

A
  1. Mutualisms

2. Nitrogen

46
Q

Various adaptations help plants access limiting nutrients from soil:
* Many plants for mutualisms with ——
~ Supply plants with — and other limiting elements

A
  1. Mycorrhizal fungi

2. Phosphorus

47
Q

Various adaptations help plants access limiting nutrients from soil:
* Roots have —— to increase surface area

A

Root hairs

48
Q

Various adaptations help plants access limiting nutrients from soil:
* Many plants release — that increase the availability of ——

A
  1. Enzymes

2. Limiting nutrients

49
Q

Secondary production: amount of — energy in consumers food converted to new — during a given period of time
* only about —/— of the leaves energy is used for secondary production

A
  1. Chemical
  2. Biomass
  3. 1/6
50
Q

Production efficiency: the fraction of energy stored in — food that is not used for —

A
  1. Assimilated

2. Respiration

51
Q

Birds and mammals have efficiencies in the range of —% because of the high cost of —

A
  1. 1-3%

2. Endothermy

52
Q

Fishes have production efficiencies of around —%

A

10%

53
Q

Insects and microorganisms have efficiencies of —% or more

A

40%

54
Q

——: percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next

  • Must always be — than production efficiencies because also takes into account unconsumed organic matter
  • Usually about —%, with a range of 5% to 20%
  • Multiplied over the length of a ——
A
  1. Tropic efficiency
  2. Less
  3. 10%
  4. Food Chain
55
Q

An energy pyramid represents the — of energy with each — in a food chain

A
  1. Loss

2. Transfer

56
Q

Approximately —% of chemical energy voxed by photosynthesis reaches a tertiary consumer

A

0.1%

57
Q

In a biomass pyramid each tier represents the —— of all organisms in one tropic level

A

Dry weight

58
Q

Most bio mass pyramid show a sharp decrease at successively ———

A

Higher tropic levels

59
Q

Certain aquatic ecosystems have inverted biomass pyramids: producers (phytoplankton) are consumed so quickly that they are outweighed by ——

A

Primary consumers

60
Q

Given enough time, —— can recover from many types of disturbances

A

Biological communities

61
Q

Restoration ecology seeks to initiate or speed up the — of ——

A
  1. Recovery

2. Degraded ecosystems

62
Q

2 key strategies are — and — of ecosystem processes

A
  1. Bioremediation

2. Augmentation

63
Q

— is the of living organisms to detoxify ecosystems

  • organisms most often used are —,—, or —
  • These organisms can take up, and sometimes metabolize, — molecules
A
  1. Bioremediation
  2. Prokaryotes, fungi, or plants
  3. Toxic
64
Q

—— uses organisms to add essential materials to a degraded ecosystem

A

Biological Augmentation

Biology 2 (16 decks)

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