Seedless Plant Flashcards
History of life on Earth’s terrestrial surface:
- First 3 billion years: —
- 1.2 Billion years ago: —
- ~500 million years ago: ——,—, & —
- Lifeless
- Cyanobacteria
- Small plants, fungi, & animals
Evolutionary transition from water to land imposed severe constraints to plants:
- ——
- Less —— against gravity
- compete for —
- Dispersal of —
- Drying out
- Structural support
- Sunlight
- Gametes
Most present day plants live on —, though a few species returned to — habitats
- Land
2. Aquatic
Most seedless plants still require a — environment
Moist
Benefits to living on land:
* —— * More plentiful — * Nutrients — soil
- Unfiltered sunlight
- CO2
- Rich
Green algae called — are the closest relatives of land plants
Charophytes
Occasional desiccation in charro-hates around edges of ponds/lakes led to evolution of —
Sporopollenin
Sporopollenin is a durable — that prevents —— from drying out
- Polymer
2. Algal zygotes
Sporopollenin is also found in plant ——: probably allowed them to live permanently above the —
- Spore walls
2. Waterline
Several key traits appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes:
* Alteration of generations
~ Multicellular —
~ Multicellular, ——
* Walled — produced in sporangia
* ——- Gametangia
- Dependent embryos
- Spores
- Apical meristems
Plants alternate between two generations of distinct multicellular organisms: haploid — and diploid —
- Gametophytes
2. Sporophytes
Each gives rise to the other: — of —
Alteration of generations
Gametophyte generation is — in — plants
- Dominant
2. Lower
Sporophyte generation is — in more — plants
- Dominant
2. Derived (highly evolved)
—: multicellular organs where gametes are produced
Gametangia
—: produces a single non-motile egg and are the site of fertilization
Archegonia (female)
—: produces and releases sperm
Antheridia (male)
Diploid embryo is retained within the tissue of the —— for — and —
- Female gametophyte
- Protection
- Nutrients
Nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo through ———
Placental transfer cells
Plants are called — because of dependency of embryo on the parent
Embryophytes
Sporophyte produces spores in multicellular organs called —
Sporangia
Within sporangia, diploid — undergo meiosis to generate haploid —
- Sporophytes
2. Spores
Spore walls contain — to resists — environments
- Sporopollenin
2. Harsh
Plants sustain continual growth in their ——: localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots
Apical meristems
Apical Meristems:
* These cells differentiate into ——
Various tissues
—: a waxy covering of the epidermis
* reduces — & — attacks
- Cuticle
- Desiccation
- Microbial
—: specialized pore for exchange of CO2 & O2
Stomata
—: symbiotic relationship with fungi
* May have helped plants without —— colonize land by helping obtain —
- Mycorrhizae
- True roots
- Nutrients
Most plants are —— that have ——
* Cells joined into tubes for the transport of — & —
- Vascular plants
- Vascular tissue
- Water
- Nutrients
Nonvascular plants are commonly called —
Bryophytes
Bryophytes:
Do not form a — group (a Claude)
Monophyletic
Bryophytes: 3 phyla~ * — * — * —
- Liverworts
- Mosses
- Hornworts
Seedless Vascular Plants:
* do NOT form a — group
* 2 phyla:
~—(club mosses & their relatives)
~ —(ferns & their relatives)- Monophyletic
- Lycophytes
- Monilophytes
Seed plants form a Claude and can be divided into:
- —: produce seeds that are not enclosed in chambers
- —: produce seeds that develop inside chambers that originate within flowers
- Gymnosperms
2. Angiosperms
Nonvascular Plants (Bryophytes)
* Represented today by 3 phyla of small, herbaceous(no woods) plants:
~ —,—,—
- Liverworts
- Mosses
- Hornworts
Bryophyte Gametophytes:
* Unlike vascular plants, the — gametophytes are the — life stage in bryophytes
- Haploid
2. Dominant
Bryophyte Gametophytes:
* Usually — & —— than sporophytes
~Sporophytes are typically present only — of the time
- Larger
- Longer-living
- Half
Bryophyte Gametophytes:
Lack of — tissue constrains —
- Vascular
2. Height
Bryophyte Gametophyte:
Anchored to substrate by —
* —, tubular single cells
* Do not absorb —, like roots
- Rhizoids
- Long
- Nutrients
Bryophyte Gametophytes:
Formed when a spore —
Germinates
Gametophyte is composed of:
Protonema:
* ———, branched filament that absorbs nutrients
* Produces one of more “bud” that grows into a —
Gametophore: produces —
- One-cell thick
- Gametophore
- Gametes
Mature gametophytes can form multiple —
Gametangia
—: male Gametangia that produce many flagellated sperm in each antheridium
Antheridia
—: female Gametangia that produce a single egg in each archegonium
Archegonia
Sperm swim through a film of — and fertilize the egg: usually restricts plant to — environment
- Water
2. Moist
Some bryophytes are —, but typically not —
- Bisexual
2. Mosses
Bryophyte Sporophytes:
*Grow out of —
~ never live — of the gametophyte
- Archegonia
2. Independently
Bryophyte sporophytes:
— and — sporophytes of all extant plant groups
- Smallest
2. Simplest
A bryophyte sporophyte consists of a:
- —
- — (stalk)
- —, also called a —, which discharges spores through tooth-like —
- Foot
- Seta
- Sporangium
- Capsule
- Peristome
Moss life cycle:
1. Lid pops off of the —(capsule) releasing haploid(n) spores
Sporangium
Moss Life Cycle:
2. Spores develop into — that produce “buds that divide by mitosis and grow into —
Together they make either a male of female —
- Protonemata
- Gametophores
- Gametophyte
Moss life cycle:
3. — produce sperm — produce eggs
- Antheridia
2. Archegonia
Moss life cycle:
4. Sperm from — swim through film of moisture to fertilize egg —
- Antheridia
2. Archegonia
Moss life cycle:
5. Fertilization within — produces diploid —
- Archegonium
2. Zygote
Moss life cycle:
6. The diploid zygote develops into a sporophyte —. Later, a young sporophyte grows a long stalk, or —.The embedded — absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte
- Embryo
- Sets
- Foot
Moss life cycle:
7. Meiosis occurs and haploid spore develop in the —(capsule). When mature, the lid pops off and the spores are released
Sporangium
Seedless vascular plants:
Evolution of vascular tissue allowed for ——
Tall growth
Seedless Vascular Plants:
Like bryophytes, these have — sperm and are usually restricted to — environments
- Flagellated
2. Moist
—: include club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts
* Club mosses and spike mosses have — tissues and are not true —
- Lycophytes
- Vascular
- Mosses
—: includes ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns and their relative
* — are the most diverse seedless vascular plants
- Monilophytes
2. Ferns
Living vascular plants, are characterized by:
* Life cycles with — sporophytes
* Vascular tissues called — and —
* Well developed — and —
~ Includes spore bearing leaves called —
- Dominant
- Xylem & phloem
- Roots & leaves
- Sporophylls
In contrast with bryophytes, sporophytes of seedless vascular plants are the —, more — generation
- Larger
2. Complex
Fern Life Cycle:
1. — (organized as clusters of —) on underside of sporophyte leaves release haploid spores
- Sporangia
2. Sori
Fern Life Cycle:
2. — releases haploid spores
Sporangium
Fern Life Cycle:
3. Spores are a single type that develop into a — photosynthetic gametophyte
Bisexual
Fern Life Cycle:
4. Gametophyte develops — and —
- Antheridia
2. Archegonia
Fern Life Cycle:
5. Sperm swims to fertilize egg (typically on a different gametophyte). The resulting zygote develops into a new —, growing out from the — of its parent
- Sporophyte
2. Archegonium
Vascular plants have 2 types of vascular tissue:
- —: conducts most of the water and minerals by dead, tube shaped cells
- —: consists of living cells and distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products
- Xylem
2. Phloem
Lignified vascular tissue allowed for increased —, which provided an evolutionary —
- Height
2. Advantage
Instead of rhizoids, — evolved in sporophytes of almost all vascular plants
Roots
Roots and Leaves:
Enable absorption of — and — from the —
- Water
- Nutrients
- Soil
Roots and Leaves:
Provide — for — growth
- Anchoring
2. Taller
—: organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants, thereby capturing more solar energy used for photosynthesis
Leaves
Microphylls:
- —, often spine shaped
- A ——
- Only in —
- Small
- Single vein
- Lycophytes
Megaphylls:
- — leaves
- Highly — vascular system
- Almost all other — plants
- Larger
- Branched
- Vascular
Sporophylls are modified — with —
- Leaves
2. Sporangia
—: clusters of sporangia on undersides of fern Sporophylls
Sori
—: cone-like structure formed from groups of Sporophylls
Strobili
