Seedless Plant Flashcards
History of life on Earth’s terrestrial surface:
- First 3 billion years: —
- 1.2 Billion years ago: —
- ~500 million years ago: ——,—, & —
- Lifeless
- Cyanobacteria
- Small plants, fungi, & animals
Evolutionary transition from water to land imposed severe constraints to plants:
- ——
- Less —— against gravity
- compete for —
- Dispersal of —
- Drying out
- Structural support
- Sunlight
- Gametes
Most present day plants live on —, though a few species returned to — habitats
- Land
2. Aquatic
Most seedless plants still require a — environment
Moist
Benefits to living on land:
* —— * More plentiful — * Nutrients — soil
- Unfiltered sunlight
- CO2
- Rich
Green algae called — are the closest relatives of land plants
Charophytes
Occasional desiccation in charro-hates around edges of ponds/lakes led to evolution of —
Sporopollenin
Sporopollenin is a durable — that prevents —— from drying out
- Polymer
2. Algal zygotes
Sporopollenin is also found in plant ——: probably allowed them to live permanently above the —
- Spore walls
2. Waterline
Several key traits appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes: * Alteration of generations ~ Multicellular — ~ Multicellular, —— * Walled — produced in sporangia * ——
- Gametangia
- Dependent embryos
- Spores
- Apical meristems
Plants alternate between two generations of distinct multicellular organisms: haploid — and diploid —
- Gametophytes
2. Sporophytes
Each gives rise to the other: — of —
Alteration of generations
Gametophyte generation is — in — plants
- Dominant
2. Lower
Sporophyte generation is — in more — plants
- Dominant
2. Derived (highly evolved)
—: multicellular organs where gametes are produced
Gametangia
—: produces a single non-motile egg and are the site of fertilization
Archegonia (female)
—: produces and releases sperm
Antheridia (male)
Diploid embryo is retained within the tissue of the —— for — and —
- Female gametophyte
- Protection
- Nutrients
Nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo through ———
Placental transfer cells
Plants are called — because of dependency of embryo on the parent
Embryophytes
Sporophyte produces spores in multicellular organs called —
Sporangia
Within sporangia, diploid — undergo meiosis to generate haploid —
- Sporophytes
2. Spores
Spore walls contain — to resists — environments
- Sporopollenin
2. Harsh
Plants sustain continual growth in their ——: localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots
Apical meristems
Apical Meristems:
* These cells differentiate into ——
Various tissues
—: a waxy covering of the epidermis
* reduces — & — attacks
- Cuticle
- Desiccation
- Microbial
—: specialized pore for exchange of CO2 & O2
Stomata
—: symbiotic relationship with fungi
* May have helped plants without —— colonize land by helping obtain —
- Mycorrhizae
- True roots
- Nutrients
Most plants are —— that have ——
* Cells joined into tubes for the transport of — & —
- Vascular plants
- Vascular tissue
- Water
- Nutrients
Nonvascular plants are commonly called —
Bryophytes
Bryophytes:
Do not form a — group (a Claude)
Monophyletic