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Biology 2 > Seedless Plant > Flashcards

Seedless Plant Flashcards

1
Q

History of life on Earth’s terrestrial surface:

  • First 3 billion years: —
  • 1.2 Billion years ago: —
  • ~500 million years ago: ——,—, & —
A
  1. Lifeless
  2. Cyanobacteria
  3. Small plants, fungi, & animals
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2
Q

Evolutionary transition from water to land imposed severe constraints to plants:

  • ——
  • Less —— against gravity
  • compete for —
  • Dispersal of —
A
  1. Drying out
  2. Structural support
  3. Sunlight
  4. Gametes
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3
Q

Most present day plants live on —, though a few species returned to — habitats

A
  1. Land

2. Aquatic

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4
Q

Most seedless plants still require a — environment

A

Moist

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5
Q

Benefits to living on land:

* ——
* More plentiful —    * Nutrients — soil
A
  1. Unfiltered sunlight
  2. CO2
  3. Rich
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6
Q

Green algae called — are the closest relatives of land plants

A

Charophytes

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7
Q

Occasional desiccation in charro-hates around edges of ponds/lakes led to evolution of —

A

Sporopollenin

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8
Q

Sporopollenin is a durable — that prevents —— from drying out

A
  1. Polymer

2. Algal zygotes

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9
Q

Sporopollenin is also found in plant ——: probably allowed them to live permanently above the —

A
  1. Spore walls

2. Waterline

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10
Q 
Several key traits appear in nearly all land plants but are absent in the charophytes:
   * Alteration of generations
      ~ Multicellular —
     ~ Multicellular, ——
   * Walled — produced in sporangia
   * ——
A
  1. Gametangia
  2. Dependent embryos
  3. Spores
  4. Apical meristems
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11
Q

Plants alternate between two generations of distinct multicellular organisms: haploid — and diploid —

A
  1. Gametophytes

2. Sporophytes

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12
Q

Each gives rise to the other: — of —

A

Alteration of generations

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13
Q

Gametophyte generation is — in — plants

A
  1. Dominant

2. Lower

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14
Q

Sporophyte generation is — in more — plants

A
  1. Dominant

2. Derived (highly evolved)

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15
Q

—: multicellular organs where gametes are produced

A

Gametangia

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16
Q

—: produces a single non-motile egg and are the site of fertilization

A

Archegonia (female)

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17
Q

—: produces and releases sperm

A

Antheridia (male)

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18
Q

Diploid embryo is retained within the tissue of the —— for — and —

A
  1. Female gametophyte
  2. Protection
  3. Nutrients
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19
Q

Nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo through ———

A

Placental transfer cells

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20
Q

Plants are called — because of dependency of embryo on the parent

A

Embryophytes

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21
Q

Sporophyte produces spores in multicellular organs called —

A

Sporangia

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22
Q

Within sporangia, diploid — undergo meiosis to generate haploid —

A
  1. Sporophytes

2. Spores

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23
Q

Spore walls contain — to resists — environments

A
  1. Sporopollenin

2. Harsh

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24
Q

Plants sustain continual growth in their ——: localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots

A

Apical meristems

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25
Q

Apical Meristems:

* These cells differentiate into ——

A

Various tissues

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26
Q

—: a waxy covering of the epidermis

* reduces — & — attacks

A
  1. Cuticle
  2. Desiccation
  3. Microbial
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27
Q

—: specialized pore for exchange of CO2 & O2

A

Stomata

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28
Q

—: symbiotic relationship with fungi

* May have helped plants without —— colonize land by helping obtain —

A
  1. Mycorrhizae
  2. True roots
  3. Nutrients
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29
Q

Most plants are —— that have ——

* Cells joined into tubes for the transport of — & —

A
  1. Vascular plants
  2. Vascular tissue
  3. Water
  4. Nutrients
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30
Q

Nonvascular plants are commonly called —

A

Bryophytes

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31
Q

Bryophytes:

Do not form a — group (a Claude)

A

Monophyletic

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32
Q 
Bryophytes:
3 phyla~
   * —
   * —
   * —
A
  1. Liverworts
  2. Mosses
  3. Hornworts
33
Q 
Seedless Vascular Plants:
   * do NOT form a — group
   * 2 phyla:
     ~—(club mosses & their relatives)
    ~ —(ferns & their relatives)
A
  1. Monophyletic
  2. Lycophytes
  3. Monilophytes
34
Q

Seed plants form a Claude and can be divided into:

  • —: produce seeds that are not enclosed in chambers
  • —: produce seeds that develop inside chambers that originate within flowers
A
  1. Gymnosperms

2. Angiosperms

35
Q

Nonvascular Plants (Bryophytes)
* Represented today by 3 phyla of small, herbaceous(no woods) plants:
~ —,—,—

A
  1. Liverworts
  2. Mosses
  3. Hornworts
36
Q

Bryophyte Gametophytes:

* Unlike vascular plants, the — gametophytes are the — life stage in bryophytes

A
  1. Haploid

2. Dominant

37
Q

Bryophyte Gametophytes:
* Usually — & —— than sporophytes
~Sporophytes are typically present only — of the time

A
  1. Larger
  2. Longer-living
  3. Half
38
Q

Bryophyte Gametophytes:

Lack of — tissue constrains —

A
  1. Vascular

2. Height

39
Q

Bryophyte Gametophyte:
Anchored to substrate by —
* —, tubular single cells
* Do not absorb —, like roots

A
  1. Rhizoids
  2. Long
  3. Nutrients
40
Q

Bryophyte Gametophytes:

Formed when a spore —

A

Germinates

41
Q

Gametophyte is composed of:
Protonema:
* ———, branched filament that absorbs nutrients
* Produces one of more “bud” that grows into a —
Gametophore: produces —

A
  1. One-cell thick
  2. Gametophore
  3. Gametes
42
Q

Mature gametophytes can form multiple —

A

Gametangia

43
Q

—: male Gametangia that produce many flagellated sperm in each antheridium

A

Antheridia

44
Q

—: female Gametangia that produce a single egg in each archegonium

A

Archegonia

45
Q

Sperm swim through a film of — and fertilize the egg: usually restricts plant to — environment

A
  1. Water

2. Moist

46
Q

Some bryophytes are —, but typically not —

A
  1. Bisexual

2. Mosses

47
Q

Bryophyte Sporophytes:
*Grow out of —
~ never live — of the gametophyte

A
  1. Archegonia

2. Independently

48
Q

Bryophyte sporophytes:

— and — sporophytes of all extant plant groups

A
  1. Smallest

2. Simplest

49
Q

A bryophyte sporophyte consists of a:

  • —
  • — (stalk)
  • —, also called a —, which discharges spores through tooth-like —
A
  1. Foot
  2. Seta
  3. Sporangium
  4. Capsule
  5. Peristome
50
Q

Moss life cycle:

1. Lid pops off of the —(capsule) releasing haploid(n) spores

A

Sporangium

51
Q

Moss Life Cycle:
2. Spores develop into — that produce “buds that divide by mitosis and grow into —

Together they make either a male of female —

A
  1. Protonemata
  2. Gametophores
  3. Gametophyte
52
Q

Moss life cycle:

3. — produce sperm — produce eggs

A
  1. Antheridia

2. Archegonia

53
Q

Moss life cycle:

4. Sperm from — swim through film of moisture to fertilize egg —

A
  1. Antheridia

2. Archegonia

54
Q

Moss life cycle:

5. Fertilization within — produces diploid —

A
  1. Archegonium

2. Zygote

55
Q

Moss life cycle:
6. The diploid zygote develops into a sporophyte —. Later, a young sporophyte grows a long stalk, or —.The embedded — absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte

A
  1. Embryo
  2. Sets
  3. Foot
56
Q

Moss life cycle:

7. Meiosis occurs and haploid spore develop in the —(capsule). When mature, the lid pops off and the spores are released

A

Sporangium

57
Q

Seedless vascular plants:

Evolution of vascular tissue allowed for ——

A

Tall growth

58
Q

Seedless Vascular Plants:

Like bryophytes, these have — sperm and are usually restricted to — environments

A
  1. Flagellated

2. Moist

59
Q

—: include club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts

* Club mosses and spike mosses have — tissues and are not true —

A
  1. Lycophytes
  2. Vascular
  3. Mosses
60
Q

—: includes ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns and their relative
* — are the most diverse seedless vascular plants

A
  1. Monilophytes

2. Ferns

61
Q

Living vascular plants, are characterized by:
* Life cycles with — sporophytes
* Vascular tissues called — and —
* Well developed — and —
~ Includes spore bearing leaves called —

A
  1. Dominant
  2. Xylem & phloem
  3. Roots & leaves
  4. Sporophylls
62
Q

In contrast with bryophytes, sporophytes of seedless vascular plants are the —, more — generation

A
  1. Larger

2. Complex

63
Q

Fern Life Cycle:

1. — (organized as clusters of —) on underside of sporophyte leaves release haploid spores

A
  1. Sporangia

2. Sori

64
Q

Fern Life Cycle:

2. — releases haploid spores

A

Sporangium

65
Q

Fern Life Cycle:

3. Spores are a single type that develop into a — photosynthetic gametophyte

A

Bisexual

66
Q

Fern Life Cycle:

4. Gametophyte develops — and —

A
  1. Antheridia

2. Archegonia

67
Q

Fern Life Cycle:
5. Sperm swims to fertilize egg (typically on a different gametophyte). The resulting zygote develops into a new —, growing out from the — of its parent

A
  1. Sporophyte

2. Archegonium

68
Q

Vascular plants have 2 types of vascular tissue:

  • —: conducts most of the water and minerals by dead, tube shaped cells
  • —: consists of living cells and distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products
A
  1. Xylem

2. Phloem

69
Q

Lignified vascular tissue allowed for increased —, which provided an evolutionary —

A
  1. Height

2. Advantage

70
Q

Instead of rhizoids, — evolved in sporophytes of almost all vascular plants

A

Roots

71
Q

Roots and Leaves:

Enable absorption of — and — from the —

A
  1. Water
  2. Nutrients
  3. Soil
72
Q

Roots and Leaves:

Provide — for — growth

A
  1. Anchoring

2. Taller

73
Q

—: organs that increase the surface area of vascular plants, thereby capturing more solar energy used for photosynthesis

A

Leaves

74
Q

Microphylls:

  • —, often spine shaped
  • A ——
  • Only in —
A
  1. Small
  2. Single vein
  3. Lycophytes
75
Q

Megaphylls:

  • — leaves
  • Highly — vascular system
  • Almost all other — plants
A
  1. Larger
  2. Branched
  3. Vascular
76
Q

Sporophylls are modified — with —

A
  1. Leaves

2. Sporangia

77
Q

—: clusters of sporangia on undersides of fern Sporophylls

A

Sori

78
Q

—: cone-like structure formed from groups of Sporophylls

A

Strobili

Biology 2 (16 decks)

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