Seed Plants Flashcards
—: consists of an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
* Changed the course of plant —, enabling their bearers to become the — producers in most terrestrial ecosystems
- Seed
- Evolution
- Dominant
Key adaptations have aided success of seed plants:
- Cope with environmental conditions such as — and ——
- Free from requirement of water for —, enabling reproduction under broader range of conditions
- Seeds can disperse over long distances by — or other means
- Drought & UV Radiation
- Fertilization
- Wind
Traits common to all seed plants:
- —
- ——
- —
- —
- —
- Seeds
- Reduced gametophytes
- Heterospory
- Ovules
- Pollen
The gametophytes of seed plants are —
Microscopic
Allows development within the sporangia of the parent sporophyte
- Protects gametophytes from ——
- Enables gametophytes to obtain nutrients from — sporophyte
- Environmental stresses
2. Parental
In contrast to most seedless vascular plants, seed plants are —
Heterosporous
— produce — that give rise to female gametophytes(within ovule)
- Megasporangia
2. Megaspores
— produce — that give rise to male gametophytes (pollen grains)
- Microsporangia
2. Microspores
—: consists of a megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective —
- Ovule
2. Integuments
Gymnosperm megasporangia have — integument
One
Angiosperm megasporangia usually have — integuments
Two
Microspores develop into ——, which contain the male gametophytes
Pollen grains
Pollen and Production of Sperm:
* Eliminate need for a ——— and can be dispersed great distances by — or —
- Film of water
- Air
- Animals
— is the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules
Pollination
If a pollen grain germinates, it gives rise to a —— that discharges sperm into the female gametophyte within the ovule
Pollen tube
A — is a sporophyte embryo, along with its food supply, packaged in a protective coat derived from the integument(s)
Seed
Seeds can remain dormant for — to —, until conditions are favorable for —
- Days to years
2. Germination
Seeds provide a supply of ——
Stored food
Seeds can be transported by — distances by wind or animals
Long
Living seed plants can be divided into two Claude:
- —
- —
- Gymnosperms
2. Angiosperms
Gymnosperms (“naked seeds”)
- Seeds are exposed on — leaves(sprorophylls) that unusually form —(Stromboli)
- Most gymnosperms are cone-bearing plants called —, such as pines, firs, and redwoods
- Modified
- Cones
- Conifers
Angiosperms:
* Seeds are found in —, which are — ovaries
- Fruits
2. Mature
3 key features of the life cycle of all seed plants are:
- — of their gametophytes
- Development of seeds from ——
- The transfer of sperm to ovules by —
- Miniaturization
- Fertilized ovules
- Pollen
The pine tree is the sporophyte and produces — in male and female cones
Sporangia
Pollen cones (male) * small cones produce Microspores called —, each of which contains a male gametophyte
Pollen grains
Ovulate Cones (female)
* familiar larger cones contain ovules, which produce — that develop into female gametophyte
~ Takes — years from cone production to mature seed- Megaspores
2. Three
Pine Life Cycle:
1. Microsporophytes produce Microspores by — that develop into ——
- Meiosis
2. Pollen grains
Pine Life Cycle:
2. After pollination of the ovule, the pollen grain — and starts forming a ——
- Germinates
2. Pollen tube
Pine Life Cycle:
3. During pollen tube formation, the megasporocyte produces —haploid megaspores by meiosis. One survives as a —. This develops into a female gametophyte with 2-3 archegonia, each of which will form an —.
- Four
- Megaspores
- Egg
Pine Life Cycle:
4. Egg maturation finishes by the time the pollen tube is — and —occurs (>1 y after pollination). All eggs may be fertilized, but usually only — zygote develops.
- Developed
- Fertilization
- One
Pine Life Cycle:
5. Ovule becomes a seed with embryo, —— & ——
- Food supply
2. Seed coat
Angiosperms now dominate most — ecosystems, though gymnosperms remain an important part of Earth’s —
- Terrestrial
2. Flora
What are the 4 phyla of gymnosperms?
- Cycadophyta
- Ginkgophyta
- Gnetophyta
- Coniferophyta
Cycadophyta:
* —
Cycads
Ginkgophyta:
* 1 living species; ——
Ginkgo biloba
Gnetophyta:
* 3 genera: —,—,—
- Gnetum
- Ephedra
- Welwitschia
Coniferophyta:
* —, such as pine, fir, redwood
Conifers
Angiosperms are seed plants with reproductive structures called — and —
- Flowers
2. Fruits
Angiosperms are the most — and — of all plants
- Widespread
2. Diverse
All angiosperms are classified in a single phylum, —
Anthophyta
Angiosperms have two key adaptations:
- —
- —
- Flowers
2. Fruits
Flowers have specialized structure for ——
Sexual reproduction
What are the four types of modified leaves of flowers, called floral organs?
- Sepals
- Petals
- Stamens
- Carpels
—: found at the base and enclose the flower before it opens
Sepals
—: often brightly colored to attract pollinators; wind-pollinated flowers generally lack brightly colored parts
Petals
—: male reproductive organ-produce pollen
Stamens
—: female reproductive organ-produce ovules
Carpels
Stamens: consists of a stalk called a —, with a sac called an — where the pollen is produced
- Filament
2. Anther
Carpel: consists of an — at the base and a — leading up to a —, where pollen is recieved
- Ovary
- Style
- Stigma
— can be used to refer to a single carpel or two or more fused carpels
Pistil
Fruits are formed when the ovary wall — and —
- Thickens
2. Matures
Fruits — seeds and aid in their —
- Protect
2. Dispersal
Mature fruits can be either — or —
- Fleshy
2. Dry
Seeds can be carried by:
* Explosive action, —
* —
* —
* —
~ Edible —
~ —- Wind
- Wings
- Water
- Animals
- Fruits
- Barbs
Angiosperms comprise >— living species
250,000
Angiosperms were previously divided into 2 main groups
- —
- —
- Monocots (one cotyledon)
2. Dicots (two cotyledons)
— (true dicots) include most dicots
* The rest of the former dicots form several small —
- Eudicots
2. Lineages
One quarter of angiosperm species are —
Monocots
Latest groups of Monocots are the —,—, and —
- Orchids
- Grasses
- Palms
Two-Thirds of angiosperms species are —
Eudicots
Eudicots include the large — family and the economically important rose family
Legume
No group of plants is more important to human survival than — plants
* Key sources of —, —, ——, and —
- Seed
- Food
- Fuel
- Wood products
- Medicine
Our reliance on seed plants makes preservation of plant diversity —
Critical
Most of our food comes from —
*6 crops (wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes) yield —% of the calories consumed by humans
- Angiosperms
2. 80%
Flowering plants provide other edible products including —, —, —, and —
- tea
- Coffee
- Chocolate
- Spices
Many seed plants provide —
Wood
Secondary compounds of seed plants are use in —
Medicines
Destruction of habitat is causing — of many plant species
Extinction
Loss of plant habitat is often accompanied by loss of animal species that plants support
- At the current rate, —% of Earth’s species will become extinct within the next few centuries
- Also reduces the absorption of atmospheric — that occurs during photosynthesis
- 50%
2. CO2
