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Biology 2 > Seed Plants > Flashcards

Seed Plants Flashcards

1
Q

—: consists of an embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat
* Changed the course of plant —, enabling their bearers to become the — producers in most terrestrial ecosystems

A
  1. Seed
  2. Evolution
  3. Dominant
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2
Q

Key adaptations have aided success of seed plants:

  • Cope with environmental conditions such as — and ——
  • Free from requirement of water for —, enabling reproduction under broader range of conditions
  • Seeds can disperse over long distances by — or other means
A
  1. Drought & UV Radiation
  2. Fertilization
  3. Wind
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3
Q

Traits common to all seed plants:

  • —
  • ——
  • —
  • —
  • —
A
  1. Seeds
  2. Reduced gametophytes
  3. Heterospory
  4. Ovules
  5. Pollen
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4
Q

The gametophytes of seed plants are —

A

Microscopic

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5
Q

Allows development within the sporangia of the parent sporophyte

  • Protects gametophytes from ——
  • Enables gametophytes to obtain nutrients from — sporophyte
A
  1. Environmental stresses

2. Parental

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6
Q

In contrast to most seedless vascular plants, seed plants are —

A

Heterosporous

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7
Q

— produce — that give rise to female gametophytes(within ovule)

A
  1. Megasporangia

2. Megaspores

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8
Q

— produce — that give rise to male gametophytes (pollen grains)

A
  1. Microsporangia

2. Microspores

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9
Q

—: consists of a megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective —

A
  1. Ovule

2. Integuments

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10
Q

Gymnosperm megasporangia have — integument

A

One

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11
Q

Angiosperm megasporangia usually have — integuments

A

Two

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12
Q

Microspores develop into ——, which contain the male gametophytes

A

Pollen grains

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13
Q

Pollen and Production of Sperm:

* Eliminate need for a ——— and can be dispersed great distances by — or —

A
  1. Film of water
  2. Air
  3. Animals
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14
Q

— is the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant containing the ovules

A

Pollination

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15
Q

If a pollen grain germinates, it gives rise to a —— that discharges sperm into the female gametophyte within the ovule

A

Pollen tube

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16
Q

A — is a sporophyte embryo, along with its food supply, packaged in a protective coat derived from the integument(s)

A

Seed

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17
Q

Seeds can remain dormant for — to —, until conditions are favorable for —

A
  1. Days to years

2. Germination

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18
Q

Seeds provide a supply of ——

A

Stored food

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19
Q

Seeds can be transported by — distances by wind or animals

A

Long

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20
Q

Living seed plants can be divided into two Claude:

  1. —
  2. —
A
  1. Gymnosperms

2. Angiosperms

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21
Q

Gymnosperms (“naked seeds”)

  • Seeds are exposed on — leaves(sprorophylls) that unusually form —(Stromboli)
  • Most gymnosperms are cone-bearing plants called —, such as pines, firs, and redwoods
A
  1. Modified
  2. Cones
  3. Conifers
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22
Q

Angiosperms:

* Seeds are found in —, which are — ovaries

A
  1. Fruits

2. Mature

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23
Q

3 key features of the life cycle of all seed plants are:

  • — of their gametophytes
  • Development of seeds from ——
  • The transfer of sperm to ovules by —
A
  1. Miniaturization
  2. Fertilized ovules
  3. Pollen
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24
Q

The pine tree is the sporophyte and produces — in male and female cones

A

Sporangia

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25
Q 
Pollen cones (male)
   * small cones produce Microspores called —, each of which contains a male gametophyte
A

Pollen grains

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26
Q 
Ovulate Cones (female)
   * familiar larger cones contain ovules, which produce — that develop into female gametophyte
      ~ Takes — years from cone production to mature seed
A
  1. Megaspores

2. Three

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27
Q

Pine Life Cycle:

1. Microsporophytes produce Microspores by — that develop into ——

A
  1. Meiosis

2. Pollen grains

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28
Q

Pine Life Cycle:

2. After pollination of the ovule, the pollen grain — and starts forming a ——

A
  1. Germinates

2. Pollen tube

29
Q

Pine Life Cycle:
3. During pollen tube formation, the megasporocyte produces —haploid megaspores by meiosis. One survives as a —. This develops into a female gametophyte with 2-3 archegonia, each of which will form an —.

A
  1. Four
  2. Megaspores
  3. Egg
30
Q

Pine Life Cycle:
4. Egg maturation finishes by the time the pollen tube is — and —occurs (>1 y after pollination). All eggs may be fertilized, but usually only — zygote develops.

A
  1. Developed
  2. Fertilization
  3. One
31
Q

Pine Life Cycle:

5. Ovule becomes a seed with embryo, —— & ——

A
  1. Food supply

2. Seed coat

32
Q

Angiosperms now dominate most — ecosystems, though gymnosperms remain an important part of Earth’s —

A
  1. Terrestrial

2. Flora

33
Q

What are the 4 phyla of gymnosperms?

A
  1. Cycadophyta
  2. Ginkgophyta
  3. Gnetophyta
  4. Coniferophyta
34
Q

Cycadophyta:

* —

35
Q

Ginkgophyta:

* 1 living species; ——

A

Ginkgo biloba

36
Q

Gnetophyta:

* 3 genera: —,—,—

A
  1. Gnetum
  2. Ephedra
  3. Welwitschia
37
Q

Coniferophyta:

* —, such as pine, fir, redwood

38
Q

Angiosperms are seed plants with reproductive structures called — and —

A
  1. Flowers

2. Fruits

39
Q

Angiosperms are the most — and — of all plants

A
  1. Widespread

2. Diverse

40
Q

All angiosperms are classified in a single phylum, —

A

Anthophyta

41
Q

Angiosperms have two key adaptations:

  • —
  • —
A
  1. Flowers

2. Fruits

42
Q

Flowers have specialized structure for ——

A

Sexual reproduction

43
Q

What are the four types of modified leaves of flowers, called floral organs?

A
  1. Sepals
  2. Petals
  3. Stamens
  4. Carpels
44
Q

—: found at the base and enclose the flower before it opens

45
Q

—: often brightly colored to attract pollinators; wind-pollinated flowers generally lack brightly colored parts

46
Q

—: male reproductive organ-produce pollen

47
Q

—: female reproductive organ-produce ovules

48
Q

Stamens: consists of a stalk called a —, with a sac called an — where the pollen is produced

A
  1. Filament

2. Anther

49
Q

Carpel: consists of an — at the base and a — leading up to a —, where pollen is recieved

A
  1. Ovary
  2. Style
  3. Stigma
50
Q

— can be used to refer to a single carpel or two or more fused carpels

51
Q

Fruits are formed when the ovary wall — and —

A
  1. Thickens

2. Matures

52
Q

Fruits — seeds and aid in their —

A
  1. Protect

2. Dispersal

53
Q

Mature fruits can be either — or —

A
  1. Fleshy

2. Dry

54
Q 
Seeds can be carried by:
   * Explosive action, —
   * —
   * —
   * —
      ~ Edible —
      ~ —
A
  1. Wind
  2. Wings
  3. Water
  4. Animals
  5. Fruits
  6. Barbs
55
Q

Angiosperms comprise >— living species

56
Q

Angiosperms were previously divided into 2 main groups

  • —
  • —
A
  1. Monocots (one cotyledon)

2. Dicots (two cotyledons)

57
Q

— (true dicots) include most dicots

* The rest of the former dicots form several small —

A
  1. Eudicots

2. Lineages

58
Q

One quarter of angiosperm species are —

59
Q

Latest groups of Monocots are the —,—, and —

A
  1. Orchids
  2. Grasses
  3. Palms
60
Q

Two-Thirds of angiosperms species are —

61
Q

Eudicots include the large — family and the economically important rose family

62
Q

No group of plants is more important to human survival than — plants
* Key sources of —, —, ——, and —

A
  1. Seed
  2. Food
  3. Fuel
  4. Wood products
  5. Medicine
63
Q

Our reliance on seed plants makes preservation of plant diversity —

64
Q

Most of our food comes from —

*6 crops (wheat, rice, maize, potatoes, cassava, and sweet potatoes) yield —% of the calories consumed by humans

A
  1. Angiosperms

2. 80%

65
Q

Flowering plants provide other edible products including —, —, —, and —

A
  1. tea
  2. Coffee
  3. Chocolate
  4. Spices
66
Q

Many seed plants provide —

67
Q

Secondary compounds of seed plants are use in —

68
Q

Destruction of habitat is causing — of many plant species

A

Extinction

69
Q

Loss of plant habitat is often accompanied by loss of animal species that plants support

  • At the current rate, —% of Earth’s species will become extinct within the next few centuries
  • Also reduces the absorption of atmospheric — that occurs during photosynthesis
A
  1. 50%

2. CO2

Biology 2 (16 decks)

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