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Biology 2 > Plant Reproduction > Flashcards

Plant Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

The key features of the angiosperm life cycle are characterized by the tree F’s: —, ——, and —

A
  1. Flowers
  2. Double fertilization
  3. Fruits
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2
Q

Flowers are the reproductive shoots of the ——

* Attach to a part of the stem called the —

A
  1. Angiosperm Sporophyte

2. Receptacle

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3
Q

4 floral organs:

  • — and — are sporophylls: leaves specialized for reproduction
  • — and — are sterile modified leaves
A
  1. Stamen
  2. Carpel
  3. Petals
  4. Sepals
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4
Q

——: contain all 4 floral organs

A

Complete flowers

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5
Q

——: lack one or more floral organs

A

Incomplete flowers

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6
Q

—: evolution of interacting species in response to changes in each other

A

Coevolution

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7
Q

Shapes and sizes if flowers often correspond to the —transporting parts of their — pollinators
*E.g. Darwin correctly predicting a moth with a 28 cm long tongue based on the morphology of a particular flower

A
  1. Pollen

2. Animal

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8
Q

The angiosperm life cycle includes:

  • — development
  • — delivery by ——
  • ——
  • — development
A
  1. Gametophyte
  2. Sperm
  3. Pollen tubes
  4. Double fertilization
  5. Seed development
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9
Q

The ——, or female Gametophyte, develops within the megasporangium of the ovule

A

Embryo sac

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10
Q

—— surround each megasporangium, except at the —

A
  1. 2 integuments

2. Micropyle

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11
Q

The megasporocyte within the megasporangium undergoes meiosis, producing 4 —, only — of which survives (others degenerates)

A
  1. Megaspores

2. One

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12
Q

The Megaspore divides — with out cytokinesis, producing a large cells with —— nuclei

A
  1. 3x

2. Eight haploid

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13
Q

The large cell with eight haploid nuclei is then partitioned with membrane into a multicellular female gametophyte, the ——

A

Embryo sac

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14
Q

—— develops into the embryo

A

1 egg

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15
Q

——— help attract & guide the pollen tube

A

2 synergid cells

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16
Q

——— of unknown function

A

3 antipodal cells

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17
Q

——— are not partitioned into separated cells

* Combine with one sperm nuclei to the — nucleus of the large central cell

A
  1. 2 polar nuclei

2. Triploid

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18
Q

Each anther develops —— (pollen sacs) containing microsporocytes

A

4 microsporangia

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19
Q

Each micro-sporophyte produces ——— by —

A
  1. 4 haploid Microspores

2. Meiosis

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20
Q

Each Microspores undergoes mitosis to produce a gametophyte consisting of 2 cells: —— and ——

  • This gametophyte and spore wall constitute a ——
  • During maturation, the generative cells passes into the ——
A
  1. Generative cell
  2. Tube cell
  3. Pollen grain
  4. Tube cell
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21
Q

pollination is the transfer of — from an — to a —

A
  1. Pollen
  2. Anther
  3. Stigma
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22
Q

Pollen grain absorbs water and germinate producing a ——: delivers the sperm produced by the generative cell in the vicinity of the female gametophyte
* Tube growth directed by —— provided by ——

A
  1. Pollen tube
  2. chemical attractants
  3. Synergid cells
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23
Q

Sperm delivery by pollen tubes:

  • As pollen tubes elongate through the —, generative cell divides producing ——
  • Arrival of pollen tube initiates — of one of the synergid cells allowing passage into the ——
A
  1. Style
  2. 2 sperm
  3. Embryo sac
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24
Q

Double Fertilization:

  • Due to — of 2 sperm into the ——
  • One fertilizes the egg, the other combines with the polar nuclei, giving rise to the triploid food-storing —
A
  1. Discharge
  2. Embryo sac
  3. Endosperm
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25
Q

Double fertilization:

  • — develops into a seed
  • Ovary develops into — enclosing the —
  • When a seed germinates, the embryo develops into a new —
A
  1. Ovule
  2. Fruit
  3. Seed
  4. Sporophyte
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26
Q

The process of how a seed develops into a flowering plant includes:

  • — development
  • — development
  • Seed —
  • seed —
  • — development
  • —
A
  1. Endosperm
  2. Embryo
  3. Dormancy
  4. Germination
  5. Seedling
  6. Flowering
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27
Q

Endosperm development usually precedes — development

  • Triploid nucleus of cell divides forming ——— with milky consistency
  • Subsequently, becomes — by cytokinesis and cell wall formation forming solid endosperm, or “meat”
A
  1. Embryo
  2. Multinucleate “super cell” endosperm
  3. Multicellular
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28
Q

Nutrients can be stored in 2 ways:

  • In most Monocots and many Eudicots, the — stores nutrients that can be used by the —
  • In other eudicots, the food reserves of the endopserm are exported to the — (i.e., the mature seed lacks endosperm)
A
  1. Endosperm
  2. Seeding
  3. Cotyledons
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29
Q

First mitotic division produces:
* ——: gives rise to the pro embryo
* ——: produces thread of cells called the —
~ Anchors to parent and helps in transferring nutrients to embryo

A
  1. Terminal cell
  2. Basal cell
  3. Suspensor
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30
Q

Cotyledons (primordial leaves) develop from the —

* — cotyledons for Eudicots and — for Monocots

A
  1. Pro embryo
  2. Two
  3. One
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31
Q

Shoot and root apexes form between cotyledons and at site of ——, respectively

A

Suspensor attachment

32
Q

Embryo and its food supply are enclosed by a hard, protective ——

A

Seed coat

33
Q

During last stages of maturation, the seed —

* Mature seed is only about ——% water

A
  1. Dehydrates

2. 5-15%

34
Q

Enters a state of —

* Stops growing and metabolism nearly ceases

A

Dormancy

35
Q

In some Eudicots the embryo consists of: embryonic axis attached to 2 thick — packed with — absorbed from the —

A
  1. Cotyledons
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. Endosperm
36
Q

—: embryonic axis below the cotyledons; terminates in the —(embryonic root)

A
  1. Hypocotyl

2. Radicle

37
Q

—: embryonic axis above the cotyledons

A

Epicotyl

38
Q

The seeds of some other Eudicots, such as castor beans, have — cotyledons
* Absorb nutrients from endosperm when the seed —

A
  1. Thin

2. Germinates

39
Q

Monocots embryo has — cotyledon

A

One

40
Q

Grasses, such as maize and wheat, have a special cotyledon called a —
* large surface area that aids in endosperm — during germination

A
  1. Scutellum

2. Germination

41
Q

2 sheathes enclose the embryo of a grass seed:

  • — covers the young shoot
  • — covers the young root
  • Aid is soil — after germination
A
  1. Coleoptile
  2. Coleorhiza
  3. Penetration
42
Q

Increases chances that germination will occur at a time and place most — to the —

A
  1. Advantageous

2. Seedling

43
Q

The breaking of seed dormancy often requires environmental cues, such as:

  • Substantial —
  • — or — temperature
  • Changes in —
A
  1. Rainfall
  2. Cold
  3. Warm
  4. Light
44
Q

Most seeds remain viable after a year or two of —

* Some last only days; others remain viable for centuries

A

Dormancy

45
Q

Depends on —: uptake of water due to low water potential of the dry seed

  • Causes seed to — and — its coat
  • Activates enzymes that digest —— for transfer of nutrients to growing parts of embryo
A
  1. Imbibition
  2. Expand
  3. Rupture
  4. Storage material
46
Q

The —(embryonic root) emerges first. Next, the —— breaks through the soil surface

A
  1. Radicle

2. Shoot Tip

47
Q

In many Eudicots, a — forms in the hypocotyl, and growth pushes the hook above ground

A

Hook

48
Q

— causes the hook to straighten and pull the cotyledons and shoot tip up

A

Light

49
Q

In maize and other grasses, which are —, the coleoptile pushes up through the soil. Creates a — for the shoot tip to grow though

A
  1. Monocots

2. Tunnel

50
Q

—: mature ovary of a flower

  • protects the — seeds
  • Aids in seed — by wind or animals
A
  1. Fruit
  2. Enclosed
  3. Dispersal
51
Q

A fruit may be classified as:

  • —: ovary dries out at maturity
  • —: ovary remains fleshy at maturity
A
  1. Dry

2. Fleshy

52
Q

—: develops from a single or several fused carpels

A

Simple

53
Q

—: develops from a single flower with multiple separate carpels

A

Aggregate

54
Q

—: develops from a group of flowers called an inflorescence

A

Multiple

55
Q

——: contains other floral parts in addition to ovaries

A

Accessory fruit

56
Q

Many angiosperm species reproduce both asexually and sexually

  • ——: results in a clone of genetically identical organisms
  • ——: results in offspring that are genetically different from their parents
A
  1. Asexual Reproduction

2. Sexual Reproduction

57
Q

—: separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants

  • E.g. potato “eye” (vegetative bud)
  • ——: arise from parent plant’s root system and become separate shoot systems; E.g., Aspen trees
A
  1. Fragmentation

2. Adventitious Shoots

58
Q

—: Asexual production of seeds from a diploid cell

A

Apomixis

59
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction:

  • No need for — – beneficial when sparsely distributed
  • Pass on — genes instead of half – beneficial in a stable environment, but more vulnerable to local extinction if there is an environmental change
  • — (vegetative fragments) generally stronger than seedlings produced by sexual reproduction
  • A lot of — used in flowering and fruiting associated with sexual reproduction
A
  1. Pollinator
  2. All
  3. Progeny
  4. Energy
60
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction:

  • —— is advantageous in unstable environments
  • Seeds (almost always produced sexually) facilitate — to more distant locations
  • Seed — allows suspension of growth until conditions are more favorable
A
  1. Genetic Variation
  2. Dispersal
  3. Dormancy
61
Q

Some flowers can —— to ensure that every ovule will develop into a seed

A

Self-fertilize

62
Q

However, “—“ rescues genetic diversity among offspring

A

Selfing

63
Q

Many angiosperms have mechanisms that make it difficult or impossible for a flower to ——

A

Self fertilize

64
Q

— species have staminate flowers (lacking carpels) and carpellate flowers (lacking stamens) on separate plants

A

Dioecious

65
Q

Others have — and — that mature at different times it are arranged to prevent selfing

A
  1. Stamens

2. Carpels

66
Q

——: a plants ability to reject its own pollen or close relatives

A

Self-incompatibility

67
Q

Self-Incompatibility:

  • —— mechanism
  • Results from a biochemical block that prevents — from completing — and — egg
  • — to the immune response of animals, except rejects self instead of non self
  • — of self pollen is based on genes called s-genes
A
  1. Most common
  2. Pollen
  3. Development
  4. Fertilizing
  5. Analogous
  6. Recognition
68
Q

Humans have intervened in the — and — makeup of plants for thousands of years

A
  1. Reproduction

2. Genetic

69
Q

— is common in nature and has been used by breeders to introduce new genes

A

Hybridization

70
Q

Plant biotechnology has 2 meanings:

  • In a general sense: refers to — in the use of plants to make useful products
  • In a specific sense: refers to use of ——— in agriculture and industry
A
  1. Innovations

2. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)

71
Q

— organisms: those that have been engineered to express a gene from another species

A

Transgenic

72
Q

Genetically modified plants may increase the — and — of food worldwide

A
  1. Quality

2. Quantity

73
Q

Transgenic crops have been developed that:

  • Produce — to defend them against insect pests
  • Tolerate — used to weed crops
  • Resist specific —
  • Improve — quality
A
  1. Proteins
  2. Herbicides
  3. Diseases
  4. Nutritional
74
Q

—: fuels derived from living biomass

A

Biofuels

75
Q

Biofuels can be produced by rapidly growing crops such as — and — that can grow on soil too poor for food production

A
  1. Switchgrass

2. Poplar

76
Q

Biofuels would produce a ——— and reduce the net emission of —

A
  1. Carbon neutral cycle

2. CO2

Biology 2 (16 decks)

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