Plant Form & Physiology Flashcards
Basic morphology of vascular plants reflects their evolution as organisms that draw nutrients from — ground and — ground
- Below
2. Above
Vascular plants take up — and — from below ground
- Water
2. Minerals
Vascular plants take up — and — from above ground
- CO2
2. Light
Three basic organs evolved: —,—, & —
* Organized into a —— and a —— connected by vascular tissue
- Roots
- stems
- Leaves
- Root System
- Shoot System
Shoots rely on — and — absorbed by the — system
- Water
- Minerals
- Root
Roots rely on — produced by — in the — systems
- Sugar
- Photosynthesis
- Shoot
Roots important functions:
* — the plant
* Absorbs — and —
~ In most plants, vast numbers of tiny —— increase the surface area
* Often stores — and other nutrients- Anchors
- Minerals
- Water
- Root Hairs
- Carbohydrates
——: first root to emerge from germinating seed
Primary root
——: branch form primary root
- Improve —
- Most water absorption occurs at —
- Lateral Roots
- Anchorage
- Tips
——: generally found in tall plants with large shoot masses
Taproot system
———:
- Primary root dies early on and does not form a taproot
- Instead, form a thick mat of slender roots that emerge form the stem, known as ——
- Fibrous Root System
2. adventitious Roots
Many plants have root adaptations with — functions
Specialized
Stems consist of:
- —: alternating points at which leaves attached
- —: the stem segments between nodes
- Nodes
2. Internodes
Stems primary function is to — and — the shoot to maximize —
- Elongate
- Orient
- Photosynthesis
——: located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot
Apical Bud
——: a structure that has the potential to form a lateral branch or, in some cases, a thorn or flower
Axillary bud
Many plants have modified stems:
* Serve alternative functions e.g., —— or ——
- Food storage
2. Asexual reproduction
— are the main photosynthetic organs of most vascular plants
Leaves
Leaves also:
- exchange —
- — heat
- Serve as defense against — and —
- Gases
- Dissipate
- Herbivores
- Pathogens
Leaves generally consist of a flattened — and a stalk called the —, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem
- Blade
2. Petiole
Leaves:
* Most Monocots have — veins * Most eudicots have — veins
- Parallel
2. Branching
In classifying angiosperms, taxonomists may use leaf — as a criterion
Morphology
Each plant organ has 3 types of tissue:
- —
- —
- —
- Dermal
- Vascular
- Ground
each tissue type of plant organs forms a ——
Tissue system
Each tissue system in plant organs is ——
Continuous throughout
—— plants: consists of a single dermal tissue, the —
* A waxy coating called the — helps prevent water loss from the epidermis
- Non woody
- Epidermis
- Cuticle
— plants: protective tissue called — replace the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots
- Woody
2. Periderm
Specialized epidermal cells:
* ——: facilitate gas exchange in shoots
* —: hair-like outgrowths of the shoot epidermis
~ Can help with — defense, reduce — loss, reflect excess —
- Guard cells
- Trichomes
- Insect
- Water
- Light
The vascular tissue system facilitates — of materials through the plant and provides ——
- Materials
2. Mechanical Support
The 2 vascular tissues are:
- —: conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots
- —: transports sugars from where they are made (usually leaves) to storage structures and sites of growth
* Collectively, the vascular tissue is called the —
- Xylem
- Phloem
- Stele
Ground tissue system:
* Tissues that are neither — nor —
- Dermal
2. Vascular
—: ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue
Pith
—: ground tissue external to the vascular tissue
Cortex
Ground tissue includes cells specialized for —, —, and —
- Storage
- Photosynthesis
- Support
The major types of plant cells are:
- —
- —
- —
- — conducting cells of the xylem
- — conducting cells of the phloem
- Parenchyma
- Collenchyma
- Sclerenchyma
- Water
- Sugar
Mature parenchyma cells:
*Have — and — primary walls
*Generally lack — walls
*Have a large central —
*Perform the most — functions
~Synthesize and store organic products – photosynthesis occurs in parenchyma of leaves
*Retain the ability to — and —
~E.g., during wound repair- Thin & Flexible
- Secondary
- Vacuole
- Metabolic
- Divide & differentiate
Collenchyma Cells:
* grouped in — and provide — support for — parts of the plant shoot
- Strands
- Flexible
- Young
Collenchyma Cells:
* Have unevenly — — cell walls
- Thickened
2. Primary
Collenchyma cells are living at —
Maturity
Sclerenchyma cells also provide support, but are more — than Collenchyma because thick — walls strengthened with — function as plant “skeleton
- Rigid
- Secondary
- Lignin
Sclerenchyma cells are dead at — maturity
Functional
2 types of Sclerenchyma cells:
- —: short and irregular and have thick lignified secondary walls
- —: long and slender and arranged in threads
- Sclereids
2. Fibers
Water conducting cells have 2 types both are dead and lignified at maturity:
- —
- ——
- Tracheids
2. Vessel Elements
Tracheids:
- Found in — of all vascular plants
- — alignment
- Water moves between —
- Xylem
- Tapered
- Pits
Vessel Elements:
- Common to — and a few —
- Aligned end to end to form long pipes called —
- Water moves through ——
- Angiosperms
- Gymnosperms
- Vessels
- Perforation plates
Sugar conducting cells of the phloem are alive at — maturity, but lack —
- Functional
2. Organelles
Sugar conducting cells of the phloem:
* Seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms use long, narrow ——
Sieve cells
Angiosperms have ——:
- ———: chains of cells that lack organelles
- ——: porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells
- ——: associated with each sieve-tube element via —
- Sieve Tubes
- Sieve-Tube Elements
- Sieve Plates
- Companion Cell
- Plasmodesmata
——: most animals and some plant organs stop growing at a certain size
Determinate Growth
——: plants grow throughout life
* Occurs at —, perpetually dividing, unspecialized tissues
- Indeterminate Growth
2. Meristems
2 Types of Meristems:
- —: primary growth(length)
- —: secondary growth (thickness)
- Apical
2. Lateral
Meristems give rise to 2 cell types:
- — (stem cells): remain in the meristem and produce new cells
- Others are —, differentiate and become incorporated into mature tissues and organs
- Initials
2. Displaced
Apical Meristems are located at the tips of — and —
- Roots
2. Shoots
Apical Meristems enable growth in —, or ——
- Length
2. Primary growth
Apical Meristems produce all, or nearly all, of —— for — plants
- Plant body
2. Herbaceous (non-woody)
Apical meristems give rise to 3 primary meristems: tissues generated during primary growth that will give rise to the mature tissues of the plant
- —: produces dermal tissue
- —: produces ground tissue
- —: produces vascular tissue
- Protoderm
- Ground meristems
- Procambium
lateral meristems produce growth in — in part of roots and stems of woody plants that no longer grow in length, known as ——
- Thickness
2. Secondary growth
Two Types of lateral meristems:
- ——: adds layers of vascular tissue called ——(wood) and —-
- ——:replaces the epidermis with —, which is thicker and tougher
- Vascular cambium
- Secondary xylem
- Secondary phloem
- Cork cambium
- Periderm
In woody plants, primary growth and secondary growth occur simultaneously but in different —
Locations
During growing season:
- Primary growth extends —
- Secondary growth increases — of parts formed in previous years
- Shoots
2. Diameter
During winter, the dormant apical bud is enclosed by — that protects ——
- Scales
2. Apical meristem
In spring, the bud sheds its — and begins — growth
- Scales
2. Primary
Bud scars form from shed —— and delineate each years growth
Bud scales
The root tip is covered by a ——, which protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through the soil
Root cap
Growth occurs just behind the root tip, in 3 zones of cells:
- Zone of ——
- Zone of —, where most growth occurs
- Zone of —, or maturation
- Cell division
- Elongation
- Differentiation
Primary growth produces the —, ——, and ——
- Epidermis
- Ground tissue
- Vascular tissue
In most eudicots, the xylem is —— in appearance with phloem between the arms
Star like
In many Monocots, a core of — cells is surrounded by alternating rings of xylem and phloem
Parenchyma
Ground tissue fills the cortex: region between the —— and —
- Vascular cylinder
2. Epidermis
The innermost layer of the cortex is called the —
* regulates passage of substances from the — into the ——
- Endodermis
- Soil
- Vascular cylinder
Lateral roots arise from within the —, the outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder and push through the cortex and epidermis
Pericycle
Shoot apical meristem: — shaped mass of dividing cells at the — tip
- Dome
2. Shoot
Leaves develop from —— along the sides of the apical meristem
Leaf primordia
Shoot elongation is due to lengthening of —
Internode
—— develop from meristematic cells left at the bases of leaf primordia
Axillary buds
Axillary buds serve at —— for — shoots
- Apical meristems
2. Lateral
——: Axillary buds are kept dormant by chemical communication from the apical bud
Apical dominance
The closer the Axillary bud is to the apical meristem the more — it is
Inhibited
In most Eudicots, the vascular tissue of shoots consists of —— arranged in a —
- Vascular bundles
2. Ring
In most Monocots, the vascular bundles are — throughout the — tissue, rather than forming a ring
- Scattered
2. Ground
Epidermis contains —, pores that allow CO2 and O2 exchange between the air and the photosynthetic cells in a leaf
* Also major avenues for — loss of water
- Stomata
2. Evaporative
Each stomata pore is flanked by two ——, which regulate its opening and closing
Guard cells
—: leaf ground tissue sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis
Mesophyll
Often 2 distinct layers in eudicots:
- The upper ——
- The lower ——; loose arrangement allows for gas exchange
- Palisade mesophyll
2. Spongy mesophyll
—: vascular tissue of a leaf
- Are continuous with the vascular tissue of the —
- Each is enclosed by a protective ——
- Veins
- Stem
- Bundle sheath
Tissue organization of leaves functions:
- Deliver — and — to — tissue
- Also function as leaf’s —
- Water
- Nutrients
- Photosynthetic
- Skeleton
Secondary growth:
- Characteristic of — and many —, but rare in Monocots
- Primary growth and secondary growth occur —
- Gymnosperm
- Eudicots
- Simultaneously
Secondary growth consists of the tissues produced by cylinders of meristematic cells, called —
Initials
——: adds vascular components (secondary xylem and phloem) to increase vascular flow and support
Vascular cambium
——: produces tough, thick covering of waxy cells for protection and to prevent water loss
Cork cambium
The — increase the vascular cambium’s circumference:
- Add —— to the inside
- Add —— to the outside
- Most of — is from secondary xylem
- Initials
- Secondary xylem
- Secondary phloem
- Thickening
Secondary xylem accumulates as — and consists mainly of Tracheids, vessel elements, and fibers
Wood
In temperate regions:
- ——: formed in the spring, has larger thin walled cells to maximize water delivery
- ——: formed in late summer, has smaller thick walled cells that contribute more to support
- —— of perennials is inactive through the winter
- Early wood
- Late wood
- Vascular cambium
——: visible where late and early wood meet
* can be used to estimate ——
- Growth rings
2. Tree’s age
—: the analysis of tree ring growth patterns
* Can be used to study past ——
- Dendrochronology
2. Climate change
Cork cambium gives rise to —— that accumulate to the exterior of the cork cambium
- As mature, cork cells deposit waxy — in their walls before dying
- Waxy cork layer protects against water —, —, & —
- Cork cells
- Suberin
- Loss, damage, pathogens
—: consists of the cork cambium and the cork
Periderm
Primary and secondary growth in a two-year-old woody stem:
* Primary growth nears completion and the —— had just formed
Vascular cambium
Primary and secondary growth in a two-year-old woody stem:
* Only secondary growth. —— forms secondary xylem to the inside and secondary phloem to the outside
Vascular Cambium
Primary and Secondary in a two-year-old woody stem:
*As vascular cambium diameter increases, —— can’t keep pace (no longer divide) and eventually —.
- External tissues
2. Rupture
Primary and Secondary growth in a two-year-old woody stem:
* Cork cambium develops from —— in the the —
~ Produces cork cells that replace the —
- Parenchyma cells
- Cortex
- Epidermis
Primary and Secondary growth in a two-year-old woody stem:
* Additional —— and — and — are produced. Outermost tissues rupture and are sloughed off. — consists of all tissues exterior to the vascular cambium
- Secondary Xylem & Phloem & Cork
2. Bark
Cell division in meristems increases the number of — and therefore the — for —
- Cells
- Potential
- Growth
But, plant growth itself is due to ——
Cell elongation
New cell walls form in a plane(direction) — to the main axis of cell expansion
Perpendicular
——: concentration of microtubules into a ring
* Predicts the future — of cell division
- Preprophase Band
2. Plane
Cell fate is determined by the — of cell division, the distribution of — between — cells
- Symmetry
- Cytoplasm
- Daughter
— cell division signals a key event in development
* E.g. the formation of guard cells involves both asymmetrical cell division and a change in the plane of cell division
Asymmetrical
Plant cells grow rapidly and “cheaply” by — and — of — in vacuoles
- Intake
- Storage
- Water
Plant cells expand primarily along the plants main —
Axis
—— in the cell wall restrict the direction of cell elongation
* Expansion occurs — to the orientation of the microfibrils
- Cellulose microfibrils
2. Perpendicular
