Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 2 > Plant Form & Physiology > Flashcards

Plant Form & Physiology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Basic morphology of vascular plants reflects their evolution as organisms that draw nutrients from — ground and — ground

A
  1. Below

2. Above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Vascular plants take up — and — from below ground

A
  1. Water

2. Minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Vascular plants take up — and — from above ground

A
  1. CO2

2. Light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Three basic organs evolved: —,—, & —

* Organized into a —— and a —— connected by vascular tissue

A
  1. Roots
  2. stems
  3. Leaves
  4. Root System
  5. Shoot System
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Shoots rely on — and — absorbed by the — system

A
  1. Water
  2. Minerals
  3. Root
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Roots rely on — produced by — in the — systems

A
  1. Sugar
  2. Photosynthesis
  3. Shoot
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q 
Roots important functions:
   * — the plant
   * Absorbs — and —
      ~ In most plants, vast numbers of tiny —— increase the surface area
   * Often stores — and other nutrients
A
  1. Anchors
  2. Minerals
  3. Water
  4. Root Hairs
  5. Carbohydrates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

——: first root to emerge from germinating seed

A

Primary root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

——: branch form primary root

  • Improve —
  • Most water absorption occurs at —
A
  1. Lateral Roots
  2. Anchorage
  3. Tips
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

——: generally found in tall plants with large shoot masses

A

Taproot system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

———:

  • Primary root dies early on and does not form a taproot
  • Instead, form a thick mat of slender roots that emerge form the stem, known as ——
A
  1. Fibrous Root System

2. adventitious Roots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Many plants have root adaptations with — functions

A

Specialized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Stems consist of:

  • —: alternating points at which leaves attached
  • —: the stem segments between nodes
A
  1. Nodes

2. Internodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stems primary function is to — and — the shoot to maximize —

A
  1. Elongate
  2. Orient
  3. Photosynthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

——: located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot

A

Apical Bud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

——: a structure that has the potential to form a lateral branch or, in some cases, a thorn or flower

A

Axillary bud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Many plants have modified stems:

* Serve alternative functions e.g., —— or ——

A
  1. Food storage

2. Asexual reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

— are the main photosynthetic organs of most vascular plants

A

Leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Leaves also:

  • exchange —
  • — heat
  • Serve as defense against — and —
A
  1. Gases
  2. Dissipate
  3. Herbivores
  4. Pathogens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Leaves generally consist of a flattened — and a stalk called the —, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem

A
  1. Blade

2. Petiole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Leaves:

* Most Monocots have — veins
* Most eudicots have — veins
A
  1. Parallel

2. Branching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

In classifying angiosperms, taxonomists may use leaf — as a criterion

A

Morphology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Each plant organ has 3 types of tissue:

  • —
  • —
  • —
A
  1. Dermal
  2. Vascular
  3. Ground
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

each tissue type of plant organs forms a ——

A

Tissue system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Each tissue system in plant organs is ——

A

Continuous throughout

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

—— plants: consists of a single dermal tissue, the —

* A waxy coating called the — helps prevent water loss from the epidermis

A
  1. Non woody
  2. Epidermis
  3. Cuticle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

— plants: protective tissue called — replace the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots

A
  1. Woody

2. Periderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Specialized epidermal cells:
* ——: facilitate gas exchange in shoots
* —: hair-like outgrowths of the shoot epidermis
~ Can help with — defense, reduce — loss, reflect excess —

A
  1. Guard cells
  2. Trichomes
  3. Insect
  4. Water
  5. Light
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The vascular tissue system facilitates — of materials through the plant and provides ——

A
  1. Materials

2. Mechanical Support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The 2 vascular tissues are:

  • —: conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots
  • —: transports sugars from where they are made (usually leaves) to storage structures and sites of growth
    * Collectively, the vascular tissue is called the —
A
  1. Xylem
  2. Phloem
  3. Stele
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Ground tissue system:

* Tissues that are neither — nor —

A
  1. Dermal

2. Vascular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

—: ground tissue internal to the vascular tissue

A

Pith

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

—: ground tissue external to the vascular tissue

A

Cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Ground tissue includes cells specialized for —, —, and —

A
  1. Storage
  2. Photosynthesis
  3. Support
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The major types of plant cells are:

  • —
  • —
  • —
  • — conducting cells of the xylem
  • — conducting cells of the phloem
A
  1. Parenchyma
  2. Collenchyma
  3. Sclerenchyma
  4. Water
  5. Sugar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q 
Mature parenchyma cells:
   *Have — and — primary walls
   *Generally lack — walls
   *Have a large central —
   *Perform the most — functions
      ~Synthesize and store organic products – photosynthesis occurs in parenchyma of leaves
   *Retain the ability to — and —
      ~E.g., during wound repair
A
  1. Thin & Flexible
  2. Secondary
  3. Vacuole
  4. Metabolic
  5. Divide & differentiate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Collenchyma Cells:

* grouped in — and provide — support for — parts of the plant shoot

A
  1. Strands
  2. Flexible
  3. Young
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Collenchyma Cells:

* Have unevenly — — cell walls

A
  1. Thickened

2. Primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Collenchyma cells are living at —

A

Maturity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Sclerenchyma cells also provide support, but are more — than Collenchyma because thick — walls strengthened with — function as plant “skeleton

A
  1. Rigid
  2. Secondary
  3. Lignin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Sclerenchyma cells are dead at — maturity

A

Functional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

2 types of Sclerenchyma cells:

  • —: short and irregular and have thick lignified secondary walls
  • —: long and slender and arranged in threads
A
  1. Sclereids

2. Fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Water conducting cells have 2 types both are dead and lignified at maturity:

  1. —
  2. ——
A
  1. Tracheids

2. Vessel Elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Tracheids:

  • Found in — of all vascular plants
  • — alignment
  • Water moves between —
A
  1. Xylem
  2. Tapered
  3. Pits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Vessel Elements:

  • Common to — and a few —
  • Aligned end to end to form long pipes called —
  • Water moves through ——
A
  1. Angiosperms
  2. Gymnosperms
  3. Vessels
  4. Perforation plates
46
Q

Sugar conducting cells of the phloem are alive at — maturity, but lack —

A
  1. Functional

2. Organelles

47
Q

Sugar conducting cells of the phloem:

* Seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms use long, narrow ——

A

Sieve cells

48
Q

Angiosperms have ——:

  • ———: chains of cells that lack organelles
  • ——: porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells
  • ——: associated with each sieve-tube element via —
A
  1. Sieve Tubes
  2. Sieve-Tube Elements
  3. Sieve Plates
  4. Companion Cell
  5. Plasmodesmata
49
Q

——: most animals and some plant organs stop growing at a certain size

A

Determinate Growth

50
Q

——: plants grow throughout life

* Occurs at —, perpetually dividing, unspecialized tissues

A
  1. Indeterminate Growth

2. Meristems

51
Q

2 Types of Meristems:

  • —: primary growth(length)
  • —: secondary growth (thickness)
A
  1. Apical

2. Lateral

52
Q

Meristems give rise to 2 cell types:

  • — (stem cells): remain in the meristem and produce new cells
  • Others are —, differentiate and become incorporated into mature tissues and organs
A
  1. Initials

2. Displaced

53
Q

Apical Meristems are located at the tips of — and —

A
  1. Roots

2. Shoots

54
Q

Apical Meristems enable growth in —, or ——

A
  1. Length

2. Primary growth

55
Q

Apical Meristems produce all, or nearly all, of —— for — plants

A
  1. Plant body

2. Herbaceous (non-woody)

56
Q

Apical meristems give rise to 3 primary meristems: tissues generated during primary growth that will give rise to the mature tissues of the plant

  • —: produces dermal tissue
  • —: produces ground tissue
  • —: produces vascular tissue
A
  1. Protoderm
  2. Ground meristems
  3. Procambium
57
Q

lateral meristems produce growth in — in part of roots and stems of woody plants that no longer grow in length, known as ——

A
  1. Thickness

2. Secondary growth

58
Q

Two Types of lateral meristems:

  • ——: adds layers of vascular tissue called ——(wood) and —-
  • ——:replaces the epidermis with —, which is thicker and tougher
A
  1. Vascular cambium
  2. Secondary xylem
  3. Secondary phloem
  4. Cork cambium
  5. Periderm
59
Q

In woody plants, primary growth and secondary growth occur simultaneously but in different —

A

Locations

60
Q

During growing season:

  • Primary growth extends —
  • Secondary growth increases — of parts formed in previous years
A
  1. Shoots

2. Diameter

61
Q

During winter, the dormant apical bud is enclosed by — that protects ——

A
  1. Scales

2. Apical meristem

62
Q

In spring, the bud sheds its — and begins — growth

A
  1. Scales

2. Primary

63
Q

Bud scars form from shed —— and delineate each years growth

A

Bud scales

64
Q

The root tip is covered by a ——, which protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through the soil

A

Root cap

65
Q

Growth occurs just behind the root tip, in 3 zones of cells:

  • Zone of ——
  • Zone of —, where most growth occurs
  • Zone of —, or maturation
A
  1. Cell division
  2. Elongation
  3. Differentiation
66
Q

Primary growth produces the —, ——, and ——

A
  1. Epidermis
  2. Ground tissue
  3. Vascular tissue
67
Q

In most eudicots, the xylem is —— in appearance with phloem between the arms

A

Star like

68
Q

In many Monocots, a core of — cells is surrounded by alternating rings of xylem and phloem

A

Parenchyma

69
Q

Ground tissue fills the cortex: region between the —— and —

A
  1. Vascular cylinder

2. Epidermis

70
Q

The innermost layer of the cortex is called the —

* regulates passage of substances from the — into the ——

A
  1. Endodermis
  2. Soil
  3. Vascular cylinder
71
Q

Lateral roots arise from within the —, the outermost cell layer in the vascular cylinder and push through the cortex and epidermis

A

Pericycle

72
Q

Shoot apical meristem: — shaped mass of dividing cells at the — tip

A
  1. Dome

2. Shoot

73
Q

Leaves develop from —— along the sides of the apical meristem

A

Leaf primordia

74
Q

Shoot elongation is due to lengthening of —

A

Internode

75
Q

—— develop from meristematic cells left at the bases of leaf primordia

A

Axillary buds

76
Q

Axillary buds serve at —— for — shoots

A
  1. Apical meristems

2. Lateral

77
Q

——: Axillary buds are kept dormant by chemical communication from the apical bud

A

Apical dominance

78
Q

The closer the Axillary bud is to the apical meristem the more — it is

A

Inhibited

79
Q

In most Eudicots, the vascular tissue of shoots consists of —— arranged in a —

A
  1. Vascular bundles

2. Ring

80
Q

In most Monocots, the vascular bundles are — throughout the — tissue, rather than forming a ring

A
  1. Scattered

2. Ground

81
Q

Epidermis contains —, pores that allow CO2 and O2 exchange between the air and the photosynthetic cells in a leaf
* Also major avenues for — loss of water

A
  1. Stomata

2. Evaporative

82
Q

Each stomata pore is flanked by two ——, which regulate its opening and closing

A

Guard cells

83
Q

—: leaf ground tissue sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis

A

Mesophyll

84
Q

Often 2 distinct layers in eudicots:

  • The upper ——
  • The lower ——; loose arrangement allows for gas exchange
A
  1. Palisade mesophyll

2. Spongy mesophyll

85
Q

—: vascular tissue of a leaf

  • Are continuous with the vascular tissue of the —
  • Each is enclosed by a protective ——
A
  1. Veins
  2. Stem
  3. Bundle sheath
86
Q

Tissue organization of leaves functions:

  • Deliver — and — to — tissue
  • Also function as leaf’s —
A
  1. Water
  2. Nutrients
  3. Photosynthetic
  4. Skeleton
87
Q

Secondary growth:

  • Characteristic of — and many —, but rare in Monocots
  • Primary growth and secondary growth occur —
A
  1. Gymnosperm
  2. Eudicots
  3. Simultaneously
88
Q

Secondary growth consists of the tissues produced by cylinders of meristematic cells, called —

A

Initials

89
Q

——: adds vascular components (secondary xylem and phloem) to increase vascular flow and support

A

Vascular cambium

90
Q

——: produces tough, thick covering of waxy cells for protection and to prevent water loss

A

Cork cambium

91
Q

The — increase the vascular cambium’s circumference:

  • Add —— to the inside
  • Add —— to the outside
  • Most of — is from secondary xylem
A
  1. Initials
  2. Secondary xylem
  3. Secondary phloem
  4. Thickening
92
Q

Secondary xylem accumulates as — and consists mainly of Tracheids, vessel elements, and fibers

A

Wood

93
Q

In temperate regions:

  • ——: formed in the spring, has larger thin walled cells to maximize water delivery
  • ——: formed in late summer, has smaller thick walled cells that contribute more to support
  • —— of perennials is inactive through the winter
A
  1. Early wood
  2. Late wood
  3. Vascular cambium
94
Q

——: visible where late and early wood meet

* can be used to estimate ——

A
  1. Growth rings

2. Tree’s age

95
Q

—: the analysis of tree ring growth patterns

* Can be used to study past ——

A
  1. Dendrochronology

2. Climate change

96
Q

Cork cambium gives rise to —— that accumulate to the exterior of the cork cambium

  • As mature, cork cells deposit waxy — in their walls before dying
  • Waxy cork layer protects against water —, —, & —
A
  1. Cork cells
  2. Suberin
  3. Loss, damage, pathogens
97
Q

—: consists of the cork cambium and the cork

A

Periderm

98
Q

Primary and secondary growth in a two-year-old woody stem:

* Primary growth nears completion and the —— had just formed

A

Vascular cambium

99
Q

Primary and secondary growth in a two-year-old woody stem:

* Only secondary growth. —— forms secondary xylem to the inside and secondary phloem to the outside

A

Vascular Cambium

100
Q

Primary and Secondary in a two-year-old woody stem:

*As vascular cambium diameter increases, —— can’t keep pace (no longer divide) and eventually —.

A
  1. External tissues

2. Rupture

101
Q

Primary and Secondary growth in a two-year-old woody stem:
* Cork cambium develops from —— in the the —
~ Produces cork cells that replace the —

A
  1. Parenchyma cells
  2. Cortex
  3. Epidermis
102
Q

Primary and Secondary growth in a two-year-old woody stem:
* Additional —— and — and — are produced. Outermost tissues rupture and are sloughed off. — consists of all tissues exterior to the vascular cambium

A
  1. Secondary Xylem & Phloem & Cork

2. Bark

103
Q

Cell division in meristems increases the number of — and therefore the — for —

A
  1. Cells
  2. Potential
  3. Growth
104
Q

But, plant growth itself is due to ——

A

Cell elongation

105
Q

New cell walls form in a plane(direction) — to the main axis of cell expansion

A

Perpendicular

106
Q

——: concentration of microtubules into a ring

* Predicts the future — of cell division

A
  1. Preprophase Band

2. Plane

107
Q

Cell fate is determined by the — of cell division, the distribution of — between — cells

A
  1. Symmetry
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Daughter
108
Q

— cell division signals a key event in development
* E.g. the formation of guard cells involves both asymmetrical cell division and a change in the plane of cell division

A

Asymmetrical

109
Q

Plant cells grow rapidly and “cheaply” by — and — of — in vacuoles

A
  1. Intake
  2. Storage
  3. Water
110
Q

Plant cells expand primarily along the plants main —

A

Axis

111
Q

—— in the cell wall restrict the direction of cell elongation
* Expansion occurs — to the orientation of the microfibrils

A
  1. Cellulose microfibrils

2. Perpendicular

Biology 2 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions