Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

pathophysiology > virulence factors and infection quiz > Flashcards

virulence factors and infection quiz Flashcards

1
Q

obligatory steps for infectious “bugs”

A
  • entry or attachment to the body
  • evasion of the immune system
  • shedding from/exiting the host
  • causing damage or disease-associated processes in the host*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

bacterial parts that allow obligatory steps for infectious bugs are called

A

virulence factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

many bacteria enter the body through

A

cuts in the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

for bacteria that do not enter through cuts in the skin

A

they need to pass through a mucus layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

two ways bacteria can pass through a mucus layer (Entry to the Body)

A

sigA proteases

mucinases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the protection of mucus membranes across the body s mediated by

A

antibody secretory IgA (sigA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

sigA is found

A

in extremely high concentrations in the airway and GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why would bacteria release sigA proteases

A

destroys human IgA antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

destruction of human IgA antibodies causes what

A

neutralizes host defense in those areas, allows bacteria to live there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

mucinases

A

enzymes that degrade the proteins inside mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

mucinases allow what for bacteria

A

allows them to settle on or under mucus membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

many bacteria have what for attachment to body

A

pilli

fimbriae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

singular of pilli

A

pilus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

singular of fimbriae

A

fimbria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

fimbria and pilus can be used interchangeably

A

yes, for some pilus is only for conjugation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

pili and fimbriae are what on most bacteria

A

peritrichous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

peritrichous

A

projections all over its surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

pili act as

A

feelers for bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

when pili feel a desired surface

A

shorten and pull the bacterium in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pili are more prevalent in what

A

gram-negative bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

adhesive proteins that stick to other proteins

A

adhesins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

membranes of many microbes have

A

special type of adhesins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are the special adhesins that the membranes of many microbes have

A

MSCRAMMs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

MSCRAMMs

A 
Microbial 
Surface 
Components 
Recognizing 
Adhesive 
Matrix 
Molecules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

roles of MSCRAMMs

A

target host cells and allow for tight connections between them and bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

human cells are coated in what proteins for MSCRAMMS to targe

A
  • transport
  • receptor
  • adhesion
  • glycoproteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

role of transport proteins

A

move things in or out of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

characteristics of transport proteins

A
  • opened and closed

- very selective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

role of receptor proteins

A

help the inside and outside of the cell communicate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

which proteins usually work together in human cells

A

transport and receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

example of adhesion proteins in human cells

A

integrins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

role of adhesion proteins

A

help stick cells in place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

characteristics of adhesion proteins

A
  • grab onto collagen in the extracellular space

- grab onto other integrins on other cells to hold hands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

role of glycoproteins

A

stick carbon chains into the extracellular space, forming a glycocalyx around a cell (CELL ID)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

different MSCRAMMs target

A

different types of host membrane proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

bacteria also have their own

A

OWN GLYCOCALYX

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

integrin proteins connect cell to

A

to extracellular collagen

38
Q

different bacteria attack the body by

A

colonizing different surfaces

39
Q

bacteria choosing to live on outer epithelial layer

A

try to outcompete normal flora, but it is hard

40
Q

bacteria choosing to live into deeper extracellular space

A

burrow way through epithelial layer to get there

41
Q

bactiera choosing to live inside …

A

inside the host cell

42
Q

bacteria deliberately eaten by phagocyte

A

so they can reproduce inside a phagosome or phagolysosome.

43
Q

after reproducing inside a phagocyte or phagolysosome a bacteria can

A

pop out or keep living there

44
Q

depending on how deep into skin a pathogen gets

A

the manifestation of infection varies

45
Q

where does Y. pestis grow

A

inside white blood cells

46
Q

some bacteria come with a very THICK

A

thick glycocalyx.. called slime layer

47
Q

inside the slime layer there is

A

thinner layer of proetins called the S layer

48
Q

proteins of S layer

A

highly variable between species

49
Q

the slime layer and S layer provide the bacteria with

A

partial defense from phagocytes and covers some of the bacteria’s PAMPs

50
Q

example of bacteria w/ slime layer

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

51
Q

what caues gonorrhoea

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

52
Q

pili are what in Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

the immunodominant structure

53
Q

pili being the immunodominant structure in Neisseria gonorrhoeae means

A

predominantly N. gonorrhoeae’s pili that are recognized by antibodies.

54
Q

different strands of N. gonnorhoeae

A

different structures of pilli; over1 million different pilus structures

55
Q

N. gonnorhoeae having so many different plius structures causes

A

memory B cells to be useless against it, makes people prone to reinfection

56
Q

the N. gonorrhoeae phenomenon is a tactic many other bacteria and virus use called

A

antigenic variation

57
Q

bacteria that live inside a host cell

A

need to find a way to escape

58
Q

some ways of exiting the host leave the host cell intact,

A

some do not

59
Q

1 st way of exiting the host

A

-settle inside vacuole and drive vacuole out

60
Q

2nd way of exiting the host

A

hijack cellular machine designed to secrete proteins through exocytosis

61
Q

3rd way of exiting the host

A

pop a big hole in the cell’s membrane, causing it to die

62
Q

bacteria often cause collateral

A

damage to surrounding tissues

63
Q

humans cells towards____ have ____

A

towards mucosal linings have hyaluronic acid in their membrane as a mortar

64
Q

hyaluronic acid is very

A

large molecule (molecular weight in millions), largely unknown functions

65
Q

hyaluronic acid functions

A

largely unknown

66
Q

some pathogenic bacteria secrete what to break down hyaluronic acid

A

hyaluronidase

67
Q

why do bacteria secrete hyaluronidase

A

to break down hyaluronic acid to use its carbons for own processes

68
Q

result of bacteria using hyaluronidase to break down hyaluronic acid

A

damage to cell membranes, cellular death

69
Q

iron is

A

essential nutrient for bacteria, difficult to come across

70
Q

iron is necessary to build

A

peroxidases and operate an electron transport chain

71
Q

electron transport chains are

A

important for ATP production in bacteria

72
Q

easiest place for bacterial colony to find iron in the human body

A

hemoglobin found in blood

73
Q

because iron is found in the blood, bacteria secrete

A

hemolytic enzymes called hemolysins

74
Q

why do bacteria secrete hemolysins

A

to steal the body’s iron from hemoglobin

75
Q

bacteria can also cause damage through

A

toxins

76
Q

two types of toxins that bacteria have

A

endotoxins, exotoxins

77
Q

endotoxin

A

refers to LPS in the membrane of gram-negative bacteria

78
Q

LPS

A

lipopolysaccharides

79
Q

why is LPS dangerous to humans - reason 1

A

-cause vast increase in secretion of cytokines cause inflammation and swelling

80
Q

why is LPS dangerous to humans - reason 2

A

-leads to release of histamines…. causing vasodilation

81
Q

why is LPS dangerous to humans - reason 3

A

-leads to activation of coagulation cascade

82
Q

coagulation cascade

A

cascade that leads to the formation of thrombi (blood clots

83
Q

LPS puts people at risk for

A

septic shock, heart attack, and stroke.

84
Q

exotoxins

A

diverse class of toxins, all proteins created by a bacterium

85
Q

1st thing that exotoxins can do

A

are secreted and act on surrounding issue

86
Q

examples of exotoxins that act on surrounding tissue

A

hyaluronidase and hemolysin

87
Q

2nd thing that exotoxins can do

A

enter cells and ribosylate host proteins

88
Q

how does an exotoxin ribosylate a host protein

A

add ADP+ ribose… turns proteins on or off… often off

89
Q

3rd thing that exotoxins can do

A

break turn certain proteins such as sigA

90
Q

4th thing that exotoxins can do

A

other mechanisms

91
Q

in the case of exotoxins, symptoms..

A

not cause y bacterium themselves but by the exotoxins secreted

pathophysiology (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions