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pathophysiology > .....the flu .......... > Flashcards

.....the flu .......... Flashcards

1
Q

influenza and ebola are caused by

A

Baltimore group V viruses

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2
Q

what type of RNA causes influenze and ebola

A

ssRNA

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3
Q

what else are caused by group V viruses

A

Measles, mumps, rubella, rare and lesser-known disease

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4
Q

influenza and ebola are env

A

ENVELOPED

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5
Q

influenza and ebola survival

A

do not survive long outside of a host and are spread only through fluids

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6
Q

genetic material of group V viruses

A

(-) ssRNA

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7
Q

ssRNA must be

A

turned into an antigenome of (+) mRNA to make proteins , happens in cytoplasm of host

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8
Q

after (-) ssRNA is turned into (+) mRNA

A

copied into more (-) RNA to make more viruses

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9
Q

3 forms of influenza

A

influenza A
influenza B
influenza C

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10
Q

influenza A

A

the scariest and most contagious form… since affects many species , mutates fastest

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11
Q

what species do influenza infect

A

humans, birds, pigs, seals , horses

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12
Q

influenza is further broken into

A

classes based on the presence of H and N antigens

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13
Q

influenza B

A

only transmitted by humans (and seals?)

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14
Q

influenza B mutations

A

2-3x slower than influenza A

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15
Q

influenza C

A

rarely causes human disease and is not considered a threat

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16
Q

influenza A strains have how many genes

A

just 11

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17
Q

two of the influenza A genes code for

A

important envelope proteins

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18
Q

one of the important influenza A genes

A

HA

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19
Q

HA

A

codes for hemagglutinin

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20
Q

how any HA pattenrs

A

18, (H1-H18)

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21
Q

Hemagglutinin is responsible for

A

attaching influenza virus to sialic acids

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22
Q

sialic acids

A

sugars found outside the membrane of many human cells

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23
Q

hemagglutinin promotes

A

viral attachment

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24
Q

almost all human flu strains have only the

A

H1, H2, or H3 antigen

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25
Q

H1, H2, H3 antigens attach to

A

2,3-linked sialic acid

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26
Q

2,3-linked sialic acid is

A

found outside the membrane of upper respiratory cells

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27
Q

thus……… because of the H1, H2, H3 antigen

A

the flu attaches to, and invades and infect cells in the upper respiratory tract

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28
Q

the H5 is

A

found in avian flu viruses

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29
Q

H5 antigen attaches to

A

2,6-linked sialic acid

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30
Q

2,6-linked sialic acid is found

A

outside the membrane of lower respiratory cells

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31
Q

deep tract influenza from H5

A

BAD…… bird flu… 50 PERCENT MORTALITY

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32
Q

what is the other influenza A gene that codes for an important envelope protein

A

NA

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33
Q

NA codes for

A

neuraminidase

34
Q

how many known NA patterns

A

11 (N1-N11)

35
Q

neuraminidase is responsible for

A

cleaving sialic acids off cell membranes, allowing the flu virus to detach

36
Q

only which NA patterns are seen in the human flu

A

N1 and N2 , and rarely (N3, N7, N8)

37
Q

before the flu virus detaches

A

it attaches initially w/ hemagglutinins on sialic acid

38
Q

the flu exhibits both

A

genetic shift and genetic drift

39
Q

genetic shift

A

combination of different flu types in one cell

40
Q

in genetic shift the genetic material is

A

swapped around and a new superflu develops

41
Q

what was an example of genetic shifting 2009

A

H1N1 swine flu outbreak of 2009

42
Q

example of genetic shift

A

Avian H5N2 and swine H2N1 create dangerous H5N1

43
Q

influenza pandemic of the 20th century

A

spanish flu, asian, hong kong…. all A

44
Q

genetic drift

A

the slow mutation of one flu type….. usually just one amino acid at a time.

45
Q

antibodies are super

A

specific

46
Q

since human antibodies are extremely specific, so one small mutationn

A

can make antibodies ineffective

47
Q

because of genetic drift you can catch the flu

A

many different times

48
Q

how many total amino acids in HA

A

527

49
Q

example of genetic drift

A

H1N1 mutates to have slightly different H structure many antibodies no longer recognize

50
Q

because genetic drift you can get sick

A

You can get sick again - just maybe not as sick as last time.

51
Q

In genetic drift, some antibodies

A

still recognize the antigen, but others do not (you have a “partial” immunity but not a full one)

52
Q

why did the swine flu kill so many young adults

A

many older people had antibodies that recognized H1 or N1 components from much earlier infection…. young didn’t

53
Q

exciting news for H antigens

A

antibody shown to recognize all variations of all H antigens in influenza A!

54
Q

yearly flu vaccines

A

guess he most likely flu infection to happen each year

55
Q

to guess the flu

A

ook at data from previous years to choose the H and N subtypes most likely to be found the next year

56
Q

flu vaccines are the form of

A

attenuated or killed version of the vaccine

57
Q

flu vaccines predict the genetic -______

A

genetic drift of the flu virus

58
Q

flu vaccines are typically

A

trivalent: they include three separate guesses

59
Q

two guess for flu vaccine

A

influenza A (H1M1 and one for H3N2)

60
Q

one guess for flu vaccine

A

influenza B

61
Q

they are NOT guessing (flu)

A

whether the main strain is carrying H1, H3……. but which version of H1 or H3 will be carried

62
Q

what is often given to flu patients

A

antibiotics,,,, even though the kill bacteria

63
Q

most flu symptoms

A

caused by own immune system

64
Q

flu ymptoms caused by immune system

A

fever, cough, mucus, inflammation

65
Q

the flu also invades and kills

A

ciliated, mucus-secreting cells

66
Q

when the flu also invades and kills ciliated, mucus-secreting cells.

A

reduces the defense of the airway

67
Q

becuse the flu reduces the defense of the airway it is associated w/ a

A

secondary respiratory infection

68
Q

the ______ protein in influenza has been shown to stop______

A

NS1 protein……. shown to stop host cell mRNAs from being completed

69
Q

NS1 protein……. shown to stop host cell mRNAs from being completed …….. causes

A

slowing production of host porteins…… NOTEWORTHY»»> interferons

70
Q

the current version of the H5N1 bird flu has

A

single nucleotide mutation that makes NS1 protein far more virulent

71
Q

we’re lucky about H5N1 because

A

it’s hard to invade humans…. for now

72
Q

major cytokine in the body is

A

TNF-a

73
Q

TNF-a

A

tumor necrosis factor alpha

74
Q

tumor necrosis factor alpha has many functions is effective @

A

stopping influenza infection.

75
Q

release of TNF-α has been shown to be

A

“dose-dependent”…. more flu = more TNF-α.

76
Q

dose-dependant is normally fine…… but like most cytokines TNF-a causes

A

inflammation, swelling, and white blood cell migration.

77
Q

too much inflammation, swelling, and white blood cell migration @ site of infection

A

ARDS

78
Q

ARDS

A

acute respiratory distress syndrome

79
Q

acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

lungs swelling shut and filling with fluid

80
Q

ARDS is common in flu types that

A

target lower respiratory tracts

81
Q

ex of flu causing ARDS because it target lower respiratory tracts

A

like the 1918 H1N1 Spanish flu outbreak that killed 30-40 million people.

pathophysiology (24 decks)

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