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pathophysiology > staph > Flashcards

staph Flashcards

1
Q

staphylococcus genus are

A

gram-positive cocci

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2
Q

how long can Staphylococcus survive at 60 degree

A

about a half-hour

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3
Q

how long can Staphylococcus survive at 4 degrees

A

months

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4
Q

3 importantS Staphylococcus species

A
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Staphylococcus epidermidis
  • Staphylococcus saprophyticus
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5
Q

each of the important species of staph are

A

normal flora, disease occured when misplaced or when a bad strain is aqquired

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6
Q

hemolysis S. aureus

A

Beta

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7
Q

hemolysis S. epidermidis

A

Gamma

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8
Q

hemolysis S. saprophyticus

A

Gamma

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9
Q

coagulas S. aureus

A

positive

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10
Q

coagulase S. epidermidis

A

negative

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11
Q

coagulase S. saprophyticus

A

negative

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12
Q

color S. aureus

A

gold/yellow

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13
Q

color S. epidermidis

A

white

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14
Q

color S. saprophyticus

A

white/yellow

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15
Q

novobiocin

A

antibiotic

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16
Q

is S. aureus resistant to novbiocin

A

no

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17
Q

is S. epidermidis resitant to novobiocin

A

no

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18
Q

is S. saprophyticus resistant to novobiocin

A

yes

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19
Q

novobiocin

A

is an antibiotic

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20
Q

in human blood, what waits for a signal to come from damaged tissue

A

prothrombin

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21
Q

when prothrombin gets a signal from damaged tissue… it is converted to

A

thrombin

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22
Q

what does thrombin do

A

convert fibrinogen into fibrin

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23
Q

what does fibrin do

A

weaves into a mesh, an integral part of clot formation

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24
Q

who secretes coagulase

A

S. aureus (few other non-staph bacteria)

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25
Q

when S. aureus and (few other non-staph bacteria) secrete coagulase

A

it mimics the damaged signal, but instead causes prothrombin to be converted into a special form

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26
Q

when when S. aureus and (few other non-staph bacteria) secrete coagulase it causes prothrombin to be converted into what special form

A

staphylothrombin

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27
Q

staphylothrombin function

A

converts fibrinogen to fibrin that coats the staph bacteria, protecting it from the immune system

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28
Q

in phagocytosis, dendritic cells and macrophages

A

hold out digested guts (antigens) for other immune cells to see

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29
Q

dendritic cells and macrophages holding out macrophages is a

A

delicate process- only a small subset of T cells actually res

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30
Q

why is dendritic cells and macrophages holding out macrophages is a delicate process

A
  • only a small subset of T cells actually respond to an antigen, even if bad
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31
Q

what percentage of T cells actually respond to an antigen

A

0.001 %

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32
Q

superantigens are different than normal antigens because

A

they stimulate a large amount of T cells in an area

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33
Q

what percentage of T cells do superantigens stimulate

A

20% or more

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34
Q

superantigens stimulating a large amount of T cells is called

A

polyclonal T cell activation

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35
Q

polyclonal T cell activation leads to

A

excessive cytokine release

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36
Q

excessive cytokine release of polyclonal T cell activation can lead to

A

fatal shock or organ failure

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37
Q

some strains of what create a superantigen

A

S. aureus

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38
Q

superantigen created by strains of S. aureus

A

SEB

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39
Q

SEB

A

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B

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40
Q

another word for SEB, depending on wher it acts

A

TSST

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41
Q

TSST

A

toxic shock syndrome toxin

42
Q

TSST / SEB is

A

a single protein created by 30-50% of strains of S. aureus

43
Q

if an SEB-secreting strain of S. aureus makes is way to _____

A

to intestines, the superantigen causes widespread inflammation

44
Q

result of SEB-secreting strain of S. aureus in intestines

A
  • projectile vomiting
  • abdominal pain
  • sometimes diarrhea
45
Q

S. aureus and its superantigen iin the intestines are a type of

A

food poisoning that is rapid onset

46
Q

how long after eating food w/ S. aureus do you show symptoms of food poisoning

A

1-6 hours

47
Q

is staph the only caue of food poisoning

A

no, but is a common one

48
Q

other staph associated enterotoxins :

A

SEA - SEE, SEE - SEI, and SER - SET have been named

49
Q

which is the only staph-associated superantigen

A

SEB

50
Q

first example of S. aureus and its superantigen

A

Laredo TX, 1968

51
Q

Laredo TX, 1968

A

1364 elementary school children fell ill, chicken salad off-sit, not refrigerated, shipped to district

52
Q

example 2 of S. aureus and its superantigen

A

Spring 1989» canned mushrooms

53
Q

when SEB enters the blood stream

A

leads to toxic shock syndrome

54
Q

toxic shock syndrome primarily associated with what 3 things

A
  • extended use of hyperabsorbent tampons
  • cosmetic surgeries
  • uncleaned abrasions(rare)
55
Q

what cosmetic surgeries usually lead to toxic shock syndrome

A

material packed into the nose

56
Q

in each case of toxic shcok syndrome

A

S. aureus secretes SEB/TSS into the bloodstream

57
Q

the result of of toxic syndrome is

A

bad.. defined by 5 plus of characteristics

58
Q

what characteristics does toxic shock syndrome show - First 3

A
  • body temperature over 102 degrees F
  • blood pressure below 90 mmHg
  • Macular Erythroderma
59
Q

what characteristics does toxic shock syndrome show - Second 3 `

A
  • desquamation
  • involvement/failure of at least organ systems
  • no positive blood results for other likely suspects
60
Q

desquamation during toxic shock syndrome is

A

within 7-14 days, especially on palms and soles of feet

61
Q

Macular Erythrodema

A

sunburn appearance

62
Q

in adition to carrying superantigens, certain strains of S. aureus can carry

A

exfoliatins

63
Q

what two exfoliatins can S. aureus carry

A

exfoliative toxin A and exfoliative toxin B

64
Q

each of the exfoliative toxins targets

A

targets and cleaves protein dsg-1

65
Q

dsg-1

A

desmoglein-1

66
Q

where is desmoglein-1 found

A

only in the desmosomes of human skin

67
Q

desmosomes

A

structure that holds cells together

68
Q

staph (S. aureus) is more commonly the cause of

A

pyogenic infections

69
Q

pyogenic infections

A

buildups of pus to fight the bacteria.

70
Q

pus usually comes….

A

as a byproduct of the war between phagocytes and pathogens: the phagocytes eat so much that they eventually “pop”.

71
Q

what makes more pus

A

bacteria also secrete substances to kill phagocytes before they start eating

72
Q

forms that pus buildup can take

A
  • Impetigo
  • Folliculitis
  • Carbuncle
  • Furuncle
73
Q

Impetigo

A

superficial infection

74
Q

Folliculitis

A

infection of hair follicle

75
Q

Carbuncle

A

abscess

76
Q

Furuncle

A

boil

77
Q

treatment of staph infections;

A

antibiotics , but staph infections evolving to counteract

78
Q

MRSA

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

79
Q

MRSA actually

A

resists many different types of antibiotics not just methicillin

80
Q

now in order to treat MRSA doctors

A

give stronger antibiotic vancomyscin

81
Q

in other regions where vancomycin was the first choice antibiotic

A

VRSA emerged

82
Q

VRSA

A

vancomycin-resistant S. aureus

83
Q

from horizontal gene transfer of S. aureus there is now

A

MVRSA&raquo_space;> SUPERBUG

84
Q

S. epidermidis is

A

not very scary, not have many virulence factors like S. aureus

85
Q

scary feature of S. epidermidis

A

form biofilms on plastic surfaces

86
Q

S. epidermidis forming biofilms on plastic surfaces

A

make it incredibly difficult for antibiotics to penetrate

87
Q

the result of a biofilm forming is often

A

follow-up surgery to remove the plastic

88
Q

biofilms of S. epidermidis often form on

A
  • catheters
  • replacement heart valves
  • prosthetic joints
89
Q

biofilms forming on catheters

A

response for over 50% of catheter infections

90
Q

biofilms forming on replacement heart valves

A

leads to endocarditis

91
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of heart inner lining

92
Q

what staph species sometimes occupies the normal flora of the body

A

S. saprophyticus

93
Q

when S. saprophyticus gets inside the urinary tract of a woman

A

(usually through sex) causes a urinary tract infection

94
Q

symptoms of urinary tract infection

A
  • burning sensation while urinating
  • need to urinate often
  • cloudy urine
95
Q

urinary tract infections usually onsets

A

24-48 hours after sexual activity

96
Q

urinary tract infections are often called

A

honeymoon cystitis

97
Q

the proteins are degraded by exfoliative toxins are

A

in the junction between the stratum granulosum and the stratum spinosum of the epidermis

98
Q

degradation of desmosomes between the stratum granulosum and the stratum spinosum leads to what

A

SSSS

99
Q

SSSS

A

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

100
Q

symptoms of SSSS

A

skin blisters within 24-48 hours of onset, common in young children

pathophysiology (24 decks)

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