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pathophysiology > shock quiz > Flashcards

shock quiz Flashcards

1
Q

shock

A

lack of oxygen flow to cells

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2
Q

if not treated… shock always leads to

A

cellular death

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3
Q

associated words shock

A 
hypoxia
hypoxemia
ischemia
infarction
necrosis
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4
Q

hypoxia

A

not enough oxygen in an area

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5
Q

hypoxemia

A

not enough oxygen in the blood

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6
Q

ischemia

A

not enough blood flow to an area

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7
Q

infarction

A

complete blockage of blood flow to an area

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8
Q

necrosis

A

tissue death due to lack of blood flow

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9
Q

different cells can

A

survive for different lengths of time without oxygen

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10
Q

skin cells without oxygen

A

live days to weeks

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11
Q

muscle cells without oxygen

A

about 48 hours

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12
Q

the most fragile cell type (n terms of oxygen flow)

A

neurons in the brain

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13
Q

neurons without oxygen

A

irreversible damage after 10 minutes

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14
Q

patients who clinically die for 10 minutes

A

will always have impaired mental function if resuscitated

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15
Q

clinically dying

A

no breathing, no blood flow

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16
Q

why will you have impaired mental function if you don’t have oxygen for 10 minutes

A
  • neurons need more ATP to maintain a delicate charge
  • neurons can not allow lipids to enter
  • neurons have no backup ATP stored in creatine phosphate
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17
Q

since neurons need ATP to maintain a delicate charge???

A

must aqquire this ATP through the breakdown of glucose

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18
Q

since neurons cannot allow lipids to enter»»»>

A

they cannot use those for fuel

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19
Q

BBB

A

Blood Brain Barrier

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20
Q

8 types of shock

A

-Respiratory Shock-

Anaphylactic Shock-

Neurogenic Shock-

Cardiogenic Shock-

Hypovolemic Shock-

Metabolic Shock-

Psychogenic Shock-

Septic Shock

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21
Q

why is shock bad

A

because all cells need oxygen supply

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22
Q

deficiency of oxygen is called

A

hypoxia

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23
Q

all cells need energy in the form of

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

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24
Q

two ways for cells to get energy

A

Aerobic Respiration

Anaerobic Respiration

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25
Q

Aerobic Respiration breaks down and produces

A
  • breaks down glucose

- produce 36 ATP molecules

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26
Q

aerobic respiration uses what and makes what byproducst

A

uses oxygen

non toxic byproducts: CO2 and H2O

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27
Q

anaerobic glycolysis breaks down and produces

A
  • breaks down glucose

- produces 2 ATP per molecule

28
Q

anaerobic glycolysis uses what and makes what byproduct

A
  • doe NOT use oxygen

- produces the toxic byproduct lactic acid

29
Q

as lactic acid build up in cells

A

it begins to exit them through passive transport and enters the bloodstream instead

30
Q

lactate and lactic acid

A

are very similar ad can flip flop back and forth in equilibrium

31
Q

equilibrium point where lactate and lactic acid can flip flop

A

pH=4

32
Q

at physiological pH levels, almost all lactic acid in the body

A

has dissociated into lactate and H+

33
Q

so if there is lactic acid that has dissociated into lactate and H+……..

A

at normal body temperatures…. extra H+ is released

34
Q

a liquid’s acidity comes from

A

the concentration of H+ ions, more H+= more acidic

35
Q

so the H+ that comes form lactic acid

A

H+ from lactic acid mixes with the blood and lowers its pH

36
Q

condition where blood pH is too low

A

below 7.35

37
Q

where blood pH is too low…..

A

acidosis

38
Q

acidosis what happens to neurons

A

the resting potential of neurons is even lower than normal

39
Q

what happens when the resting potential of neurons is lower than normal

A

requires more excitatory signal to cause a nerve to fire

40
Q

if resting potential gets too low

A

nerves fire far too little»»» coma

41
Q

in alkalosis what happens to neurons

A

the resting potential of neurons is higher than normal

42
Q

when the resting potential of neurons is higher than normal

A

only a little excitation is necessary before a nerve fires

43
Q

if resting potential gets too high

A

nerves fire too much»» seizure

44
Q

what is something very essential to cellular survival

A

the sodium/potassium pump

45
Q

how does the sodium potassium pump work

A

against a concentration gradient and uses ATP

46
Q

what does the sodium/potassium pump move

A

3 sodium ions out of the cell while pumping two potassium ions in

47
Q

When the Na+/K+ pump fails……

A

cells build up extremely high levels of sodium inside

48
Q

when there is very high levels of sodium in cells

A

water rushes into cells from the environment through the principles of osmosis

49
Q

when water rushes into cells as a result of high sodium level…..

A

the cells swell to large sizes and grow increasingly unstable

50
Q

what are lysosomes

A

large bag of enzymes that serve as molecular scissors

51
Q

enzymes in lysosomes…

A

can cut almost all molecules

52
Q

what happens to lysosomes in reponse to decreased ATP supplies

A

lysosomes break apart and release enzymes to the cell

53
Q

usually lysosomal enzymes»>

A

are denatured at normal pH , only work at acidic pH levels

54
Q

when the cell’s pH is lower&raquo_space; from lack of oxygen»> lysosomal enzymes

A

can work when they escape and destroy the cell

55
Q

lysosome-mediated apoptosis is usually

A

a normal event in cells

56
Q

why is lysosome-mediated apoptosis bad in the case of shock

A

because a cell’s membrane ceases to function correctly

57
Q

why would a cell membrane not function correctly in lysosome-mediated apoptosis in the case of shock

A
  • the cell is too big and its membrane is spread thin

- the internal/external concentration gradients are wrong

58
Q

as a result of apoptosis during shock…..

A

leakage of cellular debris and lysosomal enzymes

59
Q

leakage of cellular debris and lysosomal enzymes as a result of apoptosis during shock will….

A

spread to nearby tissues through blood and leads to more cell death»»»leads to tissue death

60
Q

step 1 shock

A

Cells rely too much on anaerobic respiration for energy and build up large supplies of lactic acid

61
Q

step 2 shock

A

Lactic acid enters the bloodstream

62
Q

step 3 shock

A

Lactic acid dissociates

63
Q

step 4 shock

A

Hydrogen ions lower pH of blood (acidosis)-

64
Q

step 5 shock

A

Na+/K+ pumps fail to work in cell membranes

65
Q

step 6 shock

A

Lysosomes release their enzymes

66
Q

step 7 shock

A

Cells die and release debris into the bloodstream

67
Q

step 8 shock

A

The debris spreads and damages more and more tissue until death.

pathophysiology (24 decks)

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