shock quiz Flashcards
shock
lack of oxygen flow to cells
if not treated… shock always leads to
cellular death
associated words shock
hypoxia hypoxemia ischemia infarction necrosis
hypoxia
not enough oxygen in an area
hypoxemia
not enough oxygen in the blood
ischemia
not enough blood flow to an area
infarction
complete blockage of blood flow to an area
necrosis
tissue death due to lack of blood flow
different cells can
survive for different lengths of time without oxygen
skin cells without oxygen
live days to weeks
muscle cells without oxygen
about 48 hours
the most fragile cell type (n terms of oxygen flow)
neurons in the brain
neurons without oxygen
irreversible damage after 10 minutes
patients who clinically die for 10 minutes
will always have impaired mental function if resuscitated
clinically dying
no breathing, no blood flow
why will you have impaired mental function if you don’t have oxygen for 10 minutes
- neurons need more ATP to maintain a delicate charge
- neurons can not allow lipids to enter
- neurons have no backup ATP stored in creatine phosphate
since neurons need ATP to maintain a delicate charge???
must aqquire this ATP through the breakdown of glucose
since neurons cannot allow lipids to enter»»»>
they cannot use those for fuel
BBB
Blood Brain Barrier
8 types of shock
-Respiratory Shock-
Anaphylactic Shock-
Neurogenic Shock-
Cardiogenic Shock-
Hypovolemic Shock-
Metabolic Shock-
Psychogenic Shock-
Septic Shock
why is shock bad
because all cells need oxygen supply
deficiency of oxygen is called
hypoxia
all cells need energy in the form of
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
two ways for cells to get energy
Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration breaks down and produces
- breaks down glucose
- produce 36 ATP molecules
aerobic respiration uses what and makes what byproducst
uses oxygen
non toxic byproducts: CO2 and H2O
anaerobic glycolysis breaks down and produces
- breaks down glucose
- produces 2 ATP per molecule
anaerobic glycolysis uses what and makes what byproduct
- doe NOT use oxygen
- produces the toxic byproduct lactic acid
as lactic acid build up in cells
it begins to exit them through passive transport and enters the bloodstream instead
lactate and lactic acid
are very similar ad can flip flop back and forth in equilibrium
equilibrium point where lactate and lactic acid can flip flop
pH=4
at physiological pH levels, almost all lactic acid in the body
has dissociated into lactate and H+
so if there is lactic acid that has dissociated into lactate and H+……..
at normal body temperatures…. extra H+ is released
a liquid’s acidity comes from
the concentration of H+ ions, more H+= more acidic
so the H+ that comes form lactic acid
H+ from lactic acid mixes with the blood and lowers its pH
condition where blood pH is too low
below 7.35
where blood pH is too low…..
acidosis
acidosis what happens to neurons
the resting potential of neurons is even lower than normal
what happens when the resting potential of neurons is lower than normal
requires more excitatory signal to cause a nerve to fire
if resting potential gets too low
nerves fire far too little»»» coma
in alkalosis what happens to neurons
the resting potential of neurons is higher than normal
when the resting potential of neurons is higher than normal
only a little excitation is necessary before a nerve fires
if resting potential gets too high
nerves fire too much»» seizure
what is something very essential to cellular survival
the sodium/potassium pump
how does the sodium potassium pump work
against a concentration gradient and uses ATP
what does the sodium/potassium pump move
3 sodium ions out of the cell while pumping two potassium ions in
When the Na+/K+ pump fails……
cells build up extremely high levels of sodium inside
when there is very high levels of sodium in cells
water rushes into cells from the environment through the principles of osmosis
when water rushes into cells as a result of high sodium level…..
the cells swell to large sizes and grow increasingly unstable
what are lysosomes
large bag of enzymes that serve as molecular scissors
enzymes in lysosomes…
can cut almost all molecules
what happens to lysosomes in reponse to decreased ATP supplies
lysosomes break apart and release enzymes to the cell
usually lysosomal enzymes»>
are denatured at normal pH , only work at acidic pH levels
when the cell’s pH is lower»_space; from lack of oxygen»> lysosomal enzymes
can work when they escape and destroy the cell
lysosome-mediated apoptosis is usually
a normal event in cells
why is lysosome-mediated apoptosis bad in the case of shock
because a cell’s membrane ceases to function correctly
why would a cell membrane not function correctly in lysosome-mediated apoptosis in the case of shock
- the cell is too big and its membrane is spread thin
- the internal/external concentration gradients are wrong
as a result of apoptosis during shock…..
leakage of cellular debris and lysosomal enzymes
leakage of cellular debris and lysosomal enzymes as a result of apoptosis during shock will….
spread to nearby tissues through blood and leads to more cell death»»»leads to tissue death
step 1 shock
Cells rely too much on anaerobic respiration for energy and build up large supplies of lactic acid
step 2 shock
Lactic acid enters the bloodstream
step 3 shock
Lactic acid dissociates
step 4 shock
Hydrogen ions lower pH of blood (acidosis)-
step 5 shock
Na+/K+ pumps fail to work in cell membranes
step 6 shock
Lysosomes release their enzymes
step 7 shock
Cells die and release debris into the bloodstream
step 8 shock
The debris spreads and damages more and more tissue until death.
