dna and biochemistry quiz 1 Flashcards
what does dna stand for
deoxyribonucleic acid
what is the dna
the genetic material and the instructions for making proteins
what is the central dogma of biology
transcription and translation
what is transcription
DNA can be used to make RNA
what is translation
RNA can be used to make proteins
how does DNA unwind
with DNA helicase
what happens DNA unwinds
RNA polymerase attaches to one side and makes a complementary strand of mRNA
what is mRNA
messenger RNA 1`
is the entire strand of DNA turned into mRNA
NO
what is transcribed in trnascription
small regions (genes)
genes account for how much of chromosomal DNA `
1 to 2 percent
where is DNA found in eukaryotes
in the nucleus `
what is the function of ribosomes
make proteins
where is ribosomes found
in rough ER or cytosol
what does mRNA do after being made in the nucleus
exits to the cytoplasm to find a ribosome to be translated
translation is which process
where ribosomes turn mRNA into proteins
when are condons turned into amino acids
translation
average lifespan of mRNA before it degrades
3 to 8 minutes
DNA expected lifespan
521 years
4 nitrogenous bases of DNA `
Adenine
Guanine
Thymine
Cytosine
the order of bases in DNA determine what
which protein will b formed
how many base pairs are in the genome
3 billion
what is a codon
each 3 letter chunk of the genetic code
each codon codes for what
a specific amino acid
the order of codons determines what
the order of amino acids
sometimes on a chart …
T turns into U `
what are amino acids
20 similar looking molecules that have an N side and C side
what is an R chain
what makes each amino acid unique
what is a protein
long strings of amino acid
median length of proteins in humans
350 amino acids
median length of proteins in humans
476 amino acids
how do proteins make their shape
fold according to predictable patterns
how to proteins attach
the C side o the previous amino acid will combine with the N side of the next amino acid
the chemical bond between the C side and N side of amino acids ,,,,
hold them together, called peptide bonds
another name for proteins
polypeptides
amino acid R chains can be
nonpolar or polar
water is
POLAR
water n amino acids
polar amino acids are attracted by water, nonpolar ones are repelled
nonpolar other name
hydrophobic
polar other name
hydrophyllic
_____ attract each other and form ____
cysteine residues attract each other and form disulfide bridges
amino acid R chains can also be
positively or negatively charged
postive amino acids
are basic and attract negative (acidic) amino acids
som cases where a mutation will have no change on a protein
when the codon is different but codes for the same amino acid.. so it the same protein
case where a mutation has a small change on a protein
the codon is different and codes for a different amino acid, but it is still polar/non polar ( like the original)
case where a mutation has a large change on a protein
the codon is different, codes for a different amino acid. the charge (polar/nonpolar ) is different
