Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

S.N Microbiology > Virology, Mycology and Parasitology - Not on Sketchy > Flashcards

Virology, Mycology and Parasitology - Not on Sketchy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the benefits of penicillium genus for human?

A

Penicillin Synthesis and Cheese Making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the name of the Fungus that produces Penicillin?

A

P. chrysogenum (formerly Known as P. notatum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name Penicillium fungi that produce cheese?

A

Penicillium camemberti and Penicillium roqueforti

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Basic structure of Penicillium

A

“pencil-like” ascomycetous fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Candida _________ is a fungal species of yeast that has become a significant cause of sepsis and of wound and tissue infections in immunocompromised people.

A

Candida Parapsilosis is a fungal species of yeast that has become a significant cause of sepsis and of wound and tissue infections in immunocompromised people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Candida _________ is a common pathogen in neutropenic hosts, in whom it may spread through the bloodstream to peripheral organs.

A

Candida tropicalis is a common pathogen in neutropenic hosts, in whom it may spread through the bloodstream to peripheral organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Candida _________ is a fungal opportunistic pathogen originally isolated from AIDS patients. occasionally isolated from immunocompetent individuals.

A

Candida dubliniensis is a fungal opportunistic pathogen originally isolated from AIDS patients. occasionally isolated from immunocompetent individuals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Candida ____ is one of the few species of the genus Candida which cause candidiasis in humans. Often, candidiasis is acquired in hospitals by patients with weakened immune systems.

A

Candida Auris is one of the few species of the genus Candida which cause candidiasis in humans. Often, candidiasis is acquired in hospitals by patients with weakened immune systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Acanthamoeba spp - Characteristics

A 
Amoeba
Include (human pathogens)- A. castellani, A. keratitis
• Trophozoite (the infective form)
• Cyst
Found in soil and water (free-living)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Acanthamoeba spp - Transmission

A

Contaminated water sources- free-living amoeba in freshwater:

  • Associated with swimming in lakes during summer
  • Associated with patients involving in water sports
  • Associated with nasal irrigation (neti pot)
  • Can contaminate contact lens solutions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Acanthamoeba spp - Pathogenesis

A

Trophozoites can travel up the nose and through the cribriform plate into the CNS.
Trophozoites or cysts may be also inhaled into respiratory tract.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Acanthamoeba spp - Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)

A

Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)
After incubation period of 10 days
Especially in immunocompromised patients
- Single or couple brain abscesses and edema of brain tissue
- Slower course of disease (DDx from Naegleria)
- Can disseminate to other organ causing granulomatous disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Acanthamoeba spp - Amoebic Keratitis

A

• Amoebic Keratitis
Due to eye trauma before contacting contaminated soil, dust or water
Can also be associated with contact lenses
- Result in corneal ulceration and severe ocular pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Acanthamoeba spp - Diagnosis

A

• Wet mount of CSF specimen by lumbar puncture (LP)- show trophozoite and cysts
- Both trophozoite and cysts are seen in tissue (DDx from Naelgeria)
• Culture with Gram negative bacteria- amoeba will leave trails (due to movement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Acanthamoeba spp - Treatment

A

Since the disease course is slower- can be treated with several drugs:
• Pentamidine
• Ketoconazole
• Flucytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Naegleria __________ and Naegleria _____ have been shown to produce disease in experimental animals.

A

Naegleria australiensis and Naegleria italica have been shown to produce disease in experimental animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Balantidium coli - Characteristics

A

Ciliate– the only member of this protozoa group which is human pathogen
• Trophozoite: covered with hair-like cilia (motile), 2 nuclei– one micro- and one macronucleus
• Cyst: smaller, surrounded by wall, have 1 nucleus (macronucleus)
Reservoir: pigs (and monkeys)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Balantidium coli - Transmission

A

Fecal-oral

- Pig feces – contaminating vegetables, fruits or water sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Balantidium coli - Pathogenesis

A

Ingestion of cyst → excyst in intestine → trophozoite invade into mucosal lining of large intestine, cecum and terminal ileum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Balantidium coli - Balantidiasis

A

Balantidiasis - Amebiasis-like disease:
Most of the cases result in an asymptomatic carrier
Symptomatic disease includes:
- Abdominal pain, tenderness, tenesmus, nausea, anorexia
- Watery diarrhea with blood and pus:
 This is due to ulceration of intestinal mucosa- like amebiasis
 Extra-intestinal involvement is rare (DDx from Entamoeba amebiasis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Balantidium coli - Diagnosis

A

Microscopic examination of stool specimen- trophozoites and cysts are seen
- Can be detected by wet mount (B. coli is relatively large parasite)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Balantidium coli - Treatment

A
  • Tetracycline- drug of choice

* Metronidazole and Iodoquinol can be also use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Balantidium coli - Prevention

A

Filtration and chlorination of water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm) - Transmission

A

Ingestion of eggs-

hatch in small intestine → migrate to cecum → penetrate the wall → mature into adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm) - Pathogenesis and Disease
Whipworm cecum Appendicitis Rectal prolapse
26
Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm) - Diagnosis
Egg in stool - described as “football or lemon-shaped” (bi-polar plugs)
27
Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm) - Treatment
Albendazole
28
What is the causative agent of fascioliasis?
Fasciola hepatica
29
What is the treatment of fascioliasis?
Bithionol or triclabendazole
30
Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common ____ fluke or sheep ____ fluke.
Fasciola hepatica, also known as the common liver fluke or sheep liver fluke.
31
F. hepatica _______ protects it from the enzymes of the host's digestive system, whilst still allowing water to pass through.
F. hepatica tegument protects it from the enzymes of the host's digestive system, whilst still allowing water to pass through.
32
F. hepatica respiration is :
Anaerobic
33
F. hepatica is ___________ , thus all flukes can produce eggs, increasing the number of offspring produced by the population.
F. hepatica is hermaphrodite, thus all flukes can produce eggs, increasing the number of offspring produced by the population.
34
_________ ______ is a filarial nematode that affects dogs and other carnivores such as cats, wolves, coyotes, foxes, and sea lions, as well as muskrats.
Dirofilaria repens is a filarial nematode that affects dogs and other carnivores such as cats, wolves, coyotes, foxes, and sea lions, as well as muskrats.
35
Dirofilaria repens is transmitted by:
Mosquitoes
36
Dirofilaria repens: | Although humans may become infected as aberrant hosts, the worms ____ to reach adulthood while infecting a human body
Dirofilaria repens: | Although humans may become infected as aberrant hosts, the worms fail to reach adulthood while infecting a human body
37
Fasciola hepatica: | Definitive hosts of the are -
cattle, sheep, and buffaloes.
38
Fasciola hepatica: | Intermediate hosts of F. hepatica are
air-breathing freshwater snails from the family Lymnaeidae.
39
Fasciola hepatica: | released from the freshwater snail as cercariae, and form cysts on various surfaces including:
aquatic vegetation.
40
Fasciola hepatica: Growth and Development in Human
In humans, the time taken for F. hepatica to mature from metacercariae into an adult fluke and produce 25,000 eggs per fluke per day - passed out via stools and into freshwater.
41
Fasciola hepatica: locations of infection in Human
They then migrate through the intestines and liver, and into the bile ducts. Inside the bile ducts, they develop into an adult fluke.
42
The lifecycle of D. repens consists of five larval stages in a ________ host and an ________ intermediate host and vector.
The lifecycle of D. repens consists of five larval stages in a vertebral host and an arthropod (mosquito) intermediate host and vector.
43
D. repens - The first stage, mated adult female worms produce thousands of microfilariae (larvae) into the circulation daily, which are ingested by ________ in a blood meal.
D. repens - The first stage, mated adult female worms produce thousands of microfilariae (larvae) into the circulation daily, which are ingested by mosquitoes in a blood meal.
44
D. repens - Larvae develop into infective larvae within the ________ over the next 10–16 days, depending on environmental conditions, before being reintroduced back into a new host.
D. repens - Larvae develop into infective larvae within the mosquito over the next 10–16 days, depending on environmental conditions, before being reintroduced back into a new host.
45
D. repens - For the final two stages of development, third-stage larvae are inoculated back into a _______ host during an act of feeding.
D. repens -For the final two stages of development, third-stage larvae are inoculated back into a vertebral host during an act of feeding.
46
The adults of D. repens reside in the subcutaneous tissues of ____ and ____ , where they mature in 6–7 months.
The adults of D. repens reside in the subcutaneous tissues of dogs and cats, where they mature in 6–7 months.
47
D. repens- Humans are accidental hosts because adult worms cannot reach _______ in the heart or in the skin. Most infective larvae introduced into humans are thought to die.
D. repens- Humans are accidental hosts because adult worms cannot reach maturity in the heart or in the skin. Most infective larvae introduced into humans are thought to die.
48
Fasciola hepatica - Diagnosis
ELISA
49
D. repens- Diagnosis
Morphologic grounds
50
D. repens- Treatment
single dose of Ivermectin followed by three doses of Diethylcarbamazine
51
Hymenolepis nana Aka Dwarf tapeworm: | Treatment
Niclosamide | Also Praziquantel
52
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) | Structural Features and Family
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Positive ssRNA, Naked, Icosahedral Member of Hepeviridae family
53
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) | Transmission
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Feco- oral Rarely by blood or transplacental
54
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) | Acute hepatitis - Presentaion
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) - Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) No chronic progression Similar to HAV 20% mortality in Pregnant women, causes fulminant liver failure Fever, Fatigue, Nausea and Jaundice
55
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) | Diagnosis
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) | Serological: detection of anti-HEV IgM or IgG
56
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) | Treatment
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) | No available treatment
57
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) | Prevention
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) | Recombinant vaccine available only in china
58
Hepatitis G Virus aka GB virus C | Genus and family
Hepatitis G Virus aka GB virus C Pegivirus genus Flavivirdae family
59
Hepatitis G Virus aka GB virus C | Human disease
Hepatitis G Virus aka GB virus C Mostly found in chronic hepatitis patients, probably by co-infection with HCV or HBV. Questionable if causes human disease.
60
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) | Family
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) | Retroviridae family
61
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) Types 1 and 2 special property? How many types are there?
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) Only HTLV1 and HTLV2 are known to Immortalize target cells There are 4 types overall
62
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) | Transmission
``` Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) Transmission: Sexual contact Blood In uterus/perinatal (TORCHES) Breast feeding ```
63
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) | Pathogenesis
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) It spreads in CD4+ T cells after transmission. Neurons also express HTLV 1 receptor. Long latency period before Leukemia Onset.
64
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) | Clinical Syndromes Associated
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) | Could cause: Asymptomatic Infection, Tropical spastic paraparesis, Adult T cell-Leukemia.
65
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) -Tropical spastic paraparesis
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Tropical spastic paraparesis: Spinal Cord Meningitis - Progressive weakness in the lower extremities.
66
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Adult T-cell Leukemia - Time of Onset
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Adult T-cell Leukemia: emerges after 30-50 years.
67
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Adult T-cell Leukemia - Initial Form:
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Adult T-cell Leukemia - Initial Form: Leukocytosis and Abnormal lymphocytes
68
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Adult T-cell Leukemia - Mature Form:
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Adult T-cell Leukemia - Mature Form: Pleomorphic neoplastic cells with mature T-cell markers (usually monoclonal)
69
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Adult T-cell Leukemia - Chronic Form:
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Adult T-cell Leukemia - Chronic Form: Skin Lesions (Sezary syndrome), low levels of circulating WBCs.
70
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Labs:
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Labs: ELISA for Anti-HTLV Antibodies PCR Hematologic Values for Adult T-Cells leukemia
71
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Treatment:
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Treatment: Glucocorticoids for Tropical spastic paraparesis Chemotherapy for T-cell leukemia Zidovudine and IFα could be used
72
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Prevention:
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV) - Prevention: Screening blood for HTLV antibodies Education about sexual contact or needle sharing
73
Echovirus | Genus and Family
Echovirus | Enterovirus Genus and Picornavirus Family
74
Echovirus | General Features
Echovirus Positive Sense ssRNA, Naked and Icosahedral (As for all Picornaviruses)
75
Echovirus | What does ECHO stands for?
Echovirus Enteric cytopathic human orphan *An orphan virus is a virus that is not associated with a disease but may possess pathogenicity.
76
Echovirus | Transmission:
Echovirus | Transmission: Feco-Oral
77
Echovirus | Pathogenesis:
Echovirus Pathogenesis: Highly Infectious, Through GI Mostly, after later disseminate to possibly every cell (Broad tissue tropism) through viremia.
78
Echovirus | Number 1 cause of :
Echovirus | Number 1 cause of ASEPTIC MENINGITIS
79
Echovirus | Complication of the normal children (male) acute febrile ilness?
Echovirus | Liver failure and Myocarditis
80
HHV-7 - Human Herpesvirus 7 | Family and General structure
HHV-7 - Human Herpesvirus 7 Herpesviridae family Linear dsDNA, Enveloped and Icosahedral
81
HHV-7 - Human Herpesvirus 7 | Causative agent of:
HHV-7 - Human Herpesvirus 7 | Causative agent of: Exanthema Subitum similar to Roseola of HHV6.
82
Astroviruses | Characteristics
Astroviruses Positive ssRNA, Naked, Icosahedral Star-like on microscope (5-6 points)
83
Astroviruses | Transmission:
Astroviruses | Transmission: Feco-Oral
84
Astroviruses | Pathogenesis:
Astroviruses | Pathogenesis: Destroys the Intestinal Epithelium
85
Astroviruses | Disease:
Astroviruses | Disease: Gastroenteritis (Milder than Rota- and Norovirus)
86
Astroviruses | Diagnosis:
Astroviruses | Diagnosis:Stool culture, ELISA, PCR
87
Tick-born Encephalitis Virus | Transmission:
Tick-born Encephalitis Virus | Transmission: Ticks mostly Ixodes Ricinus to Human, Rodents and Cow-Milk
88
Tick-born Encephalitis Virus | After the unnoticed tick disease - Phase 1 and 2 of disease
Tick-born Encephalitis Virus | After the unnoticed tick disease - Phase 1: Flu-Like, Phase 2: Meningoencephalitis
89
Tick-born Encephalitis Virus | Long term effect of the disease:
Tick-born Encephalitis Virus | Most recover but some can have neurological deficits in the long term.
90
Tick-born Encephalitis Virus | Diagnosis:
Tick-born Encephalitis Virus | Diagnosis: PCR, ELISA, Hemagglutinin inhibition, neutralization test.
91
Tick-born Encephalitis Virus | Prevention:
Tick-born Encephalitis Virus | Prevention: Hygiene, Inactivated vaccine, 3 rounds every 3-5 years
92
Zika Virus | Transmission:
Zika Virus | Transmission: Mosquitoes
93
Zika Virus | Diseases:
Zika Virus Fever, Conjunctivitis, Joint Pain and Skin rash. !Microcephaly of baby if infected in pregnancy!
94
Zika Virus | Diagnosis:
Zika Virus | PCR ELISA
95
Lassa Virus | Characteristics and Family
Lassa Virus Circular, Ambisense, ssRNA, Enveloped and Helical Of the Arenaviridae family
96
Lassa Virus | Disease:
Lassa Hemorrhagic Fever: 50% mortality rate due to Hypovolemic Shock 30% Deafness as a complication can cause Spontaneous Abortion
97
Lassa Virus | Virus with similar ,less severe, disease in different endemic areas
Machupo Virus | causes a milder kind of Lassa Hemorrhagic Fever

S.N Microbiology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions