Microbiology - Semester 2 Minimum Questions Flashcards
1
Q
What are the fungal cell components (3 example)?
A
Cytoplasmic membrane with ergosterin, cell wall build up by chitin, glucan, or cellulose.
2
Q
Classification the fungi by morphology?
A
Unicellular or yeast, multicellular or mould and dimorphic
3
Q
Characterisation of the dimorphic fungus
A
They grow like moulds at room temperature and grow like yeast at body temperature.
4
Q
List at least two asexual spore type.
A
Conidia, Spherule, Arthrospore, Blastopore
5
Q
What is the cultivation temperature of the fungi?
A
25°C and 37°C to detect the dimorphism.
6
Q
What kind of culture media can be used to cultivate fungi?
A
Sabouraud culture media.
7
Q
What are the content (2 example) of Sabouraud culture media?
A
Antifungal agents against environmental moulds, carbohydrates, antibiotics.
8
Q
What kind of diseases can be caused by fungi?
A
Allergic reactions, intoxications, mycosis (tissue damage of fungi).
9
Q
Classification of the mycosis?
A
Superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, systemic, and opportunistic mycosis.
10
Q
What kind of staining can be used in mycology? (2 example)
A
Gram-, methylene blue-, India ink-, PAS-, Gömöri-Grocott staining.
11
Q
Mode of action of the antifungal drugs?
A
Inhibition of ergosterin synthesis, pore formation on membrane, inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis, inhibition of cell division
12
Q
List three causative agent of systemic mycosis.
A
Coccidioides immitis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidoides immitis
13
Q
List two Candida species.
A
Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis.
14
Q
List three causative agent of opportunistic mycosis.
A
Candida sp, Cryptococcus neoformans, Pneumocystis jirovecii, Aspergillus sp.,
Penicillium sp., Mucor sp., Rhizopus sp.
15
Q
Which fungus can cause subcutaneous mycosis?
A
Sporothrix shenkii
16
Q
What is the most common causative agent of superficial mycosis?
A
Malassezia furfur
17
Q
List two causative agent of dermatomycosis.
A
Trichopyton sp., Microsporum sp., Epidermophyton sp.
18
Q
What kind of diseases can be caused by dermatophytes? (3 example)?
A
Tinea pedis, T. manus, T. capitis, T. corporis, T. faciei, T barbae.
19
Q
List two Trichophyton species.
A
Trichphyton rubrum, T. verrucosum, T. schonleinii, T. tonsurans
20
Q
What are the source of the infection caused by dermatophytes?
A
Anthropophilic – human,
geophilic – soil,
zoophilic – animal
21
Q
What are the development stages of the protozoa?
A
Trophozoite and cyst
22
Q
What are the properties of the trophozoite?
A
Can move, feed, multiply and die
23
Q
What are the properties of the cyst?
A
Is responsible for surviving in unfavourable environment, not showing biochemical activity is a dormant structure
24
Q
How can the protozoa be classified?
A
By the type of movement: amoeba, ciliate, flagellate and sporozoa
25
List two amoebas.
Entamoaeba sp., Acantamoeba sp., Naegleria sp.
26
What is the causative agent of amoebic dysentery?
Entamoeba histolytica
27
What can Entamoeba histolytica cause?
Amoebic dysentery, liver, lung and brain abscess
28
What is the causative agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis?
Naegleria fowleri.
29
What is the causative agent of amoebic keratitis?
Acanthamoeba castellani.
30
Which protozoa can cause steatorrhea?
Giardia lamblia
31
What is the treatment of giardiasis?
Metronidazole
32
Which protozoon can cause prostatitis?
Trichomonas vaginalis
33
Which protozoon can spread by sexual contact?
Trichomonas vaginalis
34
Which protozoa can spread by the bite of sand fly?
Leishmania sp.
35
What kind of disease can be caused by Leishmania sp.?
Cutan, mucocutan and visceral leishmaniosis
36
How can leishmaniosis diagnose?
Giemsa-staining of biopsied material
37
Treatment of leishmaniosis?
Stibogluconate in combination with g-IFN and amphotericin-B
38
What are the causative agent of Human African Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)?
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense
39
How can the sleeping sickness spread?
By the bite of tsetse fly
40
What are the symptoms of sleeping sickness?
Lethargy, meningoencephalitis, dementia, somnolence, coma
41
What is the treatment of sleeping sickness?
Suramin, melarsoprol
42
What is the causative agent of Chagas diseases?
Trypansoma cruzi
43
How can spread the Chagas disease?
By the faeces of the kissing bug during the bite
44
What is the treatment of Chagas disease?
Nifurtimox, the chronic stage is untreatable
45
What kind of diseases can be caused by Cryptosporidium parvum?
Watery diarrhea which lasts to 1-2 week
46
What is the treatment of cryptosporidiosis?
Oral rehydration
47
What is the final host of Toxoplasma gondii?
Cats
48
In which population can Toxoplasma cause serious disease?
In pregnant women and in immunocompromised population
49
What is the treatment of toxoplasmosis?
Spiramycin, Pyrimethamine with Sulphonamide
50
How can malaria spread?
By the bite of Anopheles mosquito, transpalcental and by transfusion
51
What are the symptoms of malaria (4 symptoms)?
Periodic high fever, chills, head ache pain in joints and muscle, anaemia, hepato and
splenomegaly, kidney failure
52
How can malaria be diagnosed
Blood: thick film, thin film stained by Giemsa, IF, PCR
53
What is the treatment of malaria?
Chloroquine, mefloquine and artemisin, hypnozoites by primaquine
54
Prevention of malaria by chemoprophylaxis?
Chloroquine, mefloquine, doxycycline
55
Prevention of malaria by vaccine?
Available vaccine since 2018 against Plasmodium falciparum. The content of the vaccine is a fusion protein.
56
How can Balantidium coli spread?
By fruits, vegetable contaminated by pig manure or by faecal oral route
57
What are the symptoms of balantidiasis?
Dysentery with abdominal pain, tenesmus
58
Treatment of balantidiasis?
Metronidazole, tetracycline
59
Classification of the helminths by morphology?
Flatworms: flukes and tapeworms; roundworms
60
What are the most characteristic properties of the flukes (3 example)?
They are short, flat, leaf shaped, hermaphrodites, have developed digestive system
61
What is the most common intermediate host of the flukes?
water snail
62
What is the causative agent of fascioliasis?
Fasciola hepatica
63
What is the treatment of fascioliasis?
Bithionol or triclabendazole
64
What is the causative agent of the lung fluke disease?
Paragonimus westermani
65
What are the symptoms of paragonimiasis?
Night sweats, fever, bloody sputum, chest pain, pleuritis, bronchopneumonia
66
What is the treatment of paragonimiasis?
praziquantel or bithionol
67
What are the blood flukes?
Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum, S. haematobium
68
Which flukes can live in the intestinal venules?
Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum
69
Which fluke can live in the bladder venules?
Schistosoma haematobium
70
What is the treatment of schstosomiasis?
Praziquantel
71
What is the intermediate host of Taenia saginata?
Cattle
72
What is the intermediate host of Taenia solium?
Pig
73
What kind of human diseases can be caused by Taenia solium? (2 example)
Tape worm infection and cysticercus cellulosae
74
What is the treatment of taeniasis?
Niclosamide, mebendazole
75
What is the causative agent of fish tapeworm disease?
Diphyllobothrium latum
76
What is the treatment of diphyllobothriasis?
Niclosamide
77
Which vitamin deficiency can cause by Diphyllobothrium latum?
The lack of B12 vitamin
78
How can Hymenolepis nana infection treated?
Niclosamide
79
Which helminths can develop hydatid cysts?
Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis
80
How can the hydatid cysts treated?
By albendazole or surgical removing
81
Which helminth can cause itchiness in anus?
Enterobius vermicularis
82
How can be treated the infection caused by Enterobius vermicularis?
Mebendazole
83
How can be diagnosed the infection caused by Enterobius vermicularis?
By sticky tape or Scotch tape
84
Which helminth can cause diarrhoea by prolapses of rectum?
Trichuris trichiura
85
Which helminth can cause protein deficiency (Kwashiorkor syndrome)?
Ascaris lumbricoides
86
Which helminths can suck blood?
Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus
87
What is the treatment of the infection caused by Ancylostoma and Necator?
Mebendazole, albendazole
88
Which helminth can cause paralytic ileus?
Strongyloides stercoralis
89
What kind of human disease can be caused by Toxocara canis?
Visceral larva migrans and ocular larva migrans syndrome
90
What kind of specimen can be used to diagnose the Toxocara infection?
Blood for serology
91
What kind of helminthic infection can spread from carnivore animals to humans?
Trichinella spiralis
92
What is the diagnosis of trichinellosis?
Serology from blood
93
What is the treatment of the Trichinella infection?
Mebendazole and albendazole can act only on intestinal helminths
94
What is the causative agent of lymphatic filariasis, elephantiasis?
Wuchereria bancrofti
95
How can elephantiasis spread?
By mosquito bite
96
What is the treatment of filariasis?
Diethylcarbamazin
97
Which helminth can appear in subconjunctival region?
Loa-loa
98
Which helminth can cause river blindness and elephant skin?
Onchocerca volvulus
99
What kind of disease can be caused by adenoviruses (3 examples)?
Pharyngitis, pneumonia, pertussis syndrome, pharyngoconjuctival fever, acute haemorrhagic cystitis, gastroenteritis
100
How can parvoviruses spread?
By respiratory droplets
101
What kind of disease can be caused by parvoviruses (3 examples)?
Erythema infectiosum, hydrops fetalis, aplastic anaemia
102
What kind of diseases can be caused by high-risk group papillomaviruses?
Cervix cancer, tumour in oral cavity
103
What kind of diseases can be caused by low-risk group papillomaviruses?
Condyloma acuminatum, warts
104
What can JC and BK viruses cause? (1 example)
JC: progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML); BK: haemorrhagic cystitis and nephropathy
105
What can HHV1 (Herpes simplex virus 1) cause?
Herpes labialis, herpes simplex dermatitis, eczema herpeticum, herpes gladiatorum, herpetic whitlow
106
What can HHV2 (Herpes simplex virus 2) cause?
Genital herpes, neonatal herpes, encephalitis
107
How can HHV1 and HHV2 infections treated?
Acyclovir
108
What can VZV (Varicella Zooster virus) cause?
Chickenpox and shingles
109
How can chickenpox prevented?
By vaccine (live attenuated)
110
What can EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) cause?
Mononucleosis infectiosa, Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharingeal carcinoma, oral hairy leukoplakia. (Also HL)
111
What can CMV (Cytomegalovirus) cause?
Hepatitis, pancreatitis, pneumonitis, nephritis, myocarditis, encephalitis,
chorioretinitis, oesophagitis, colitis, congenital infections
112
What can HHV-6 cause?
Encephalitis, pneumonitis, chorioretinitis, exanthema subitum or roseola infantum
113
What can HHV-7 cause?
Encephalitis, flaccid paralysis, hepatitis, gastritis, lymphadenopathy, diarrhea, pityriasis rosea
114
What can HHV-8 cause?
Kaposi-sarcoma, lymphoma
115
How can Hepatitis B virus spread?
By parenteral way, by sexual contact or perinatal
116
How can Hepatitis B virus infection treated?
By interferon and nucleotide analogues
117
How can Molluscum contagiosum virus spread and what can cause?
By direct contact and cause benign tumour of the skin
118
What can Poliovirus cause?
Aseptic meningitis, poliomyelitis, post-polio syndrome
119
What can Coxsackie A and B viruses cause?
A: herpangina, hand-foot-mouth disease, acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis
B: pleurodynia or Bronholm disease, myocarditis, pancreatitis
120
What can Rhinoviruses cause?
Sore throat, running nose, coughing
121
How can Hepatitis A virus spread?
By fecal oral route, by contaminated food or water
122
How can Caliciviruses spread and what can cause?
By fecal oral route, by contaminated water, by aerosol.
| Can cause diarrhea vomiting.
123
How can Rotaviruses spread and what can cause?
By fecal oral route and can cause diarrhea and vomiting
124
How can Hepatitis E virus spread and what can cause?
By contaminated water, by raw pig and boar meat, rarely by blood transfusion and transplacental. Can cause acute hepatitis.
125
How can spread the causative agent of yellow fever?
By mosquito bite from human to human or from monkey to human.
126
How can Hepatitis C virus spread?
By parenteral way, by blood, by tattooing
127
Which population is at risk during the Rubella virus infection?
Pregnant women because can cause in utero infections (congenital rubella syndrome)
128
How can Influenza viruses spread and what can cause (3 examples)?
By respiratory droplets.
Symptoms: high fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headache,
sometimes-gastrointestinal symptoms.
129
How can Morbillivirus spread and what can cause?
By respiratory droplets and can cause measles with exanthemas and Koplic spots
130
What kind of complication may develop during measles?
Pneumonia, encephalitis and SSPE: subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
131
How can Mumpsvirus spread and what are the symptoms?
By respiratory droplets.
| Symptoms are: inflammation of salivary gland, pancreatitis, orchitis, deafness
132
What is the causative agent of rabies?
Lyssa virus
133
How can rabies prevented?
By vaccine administered post exposure
134
What is the treatment of HIV infection?
By combination of nucleotide analogue and protease inhibitors
135
How can HTLV-1 spread?
By sexual contact, by blood and transplacental or by breast-feeding
136
How can Dengue-fever virus spread?
By mosquito bite
137
List two members of Flaviviruses.
Yellow-fever virus, Dengue-fever virus, tick born encephalitis virus, Zika-virus.
138
What does arbovirus mean?
Arthropod-borne viruses
139
List two diseases caused by prions
Kuru, fatal familiar insomnia, Creutzfeldt–Jacob-syndrome, bovine spongiform encephalitis
