Bacteriology - Not on Sketchy Flashcards
1
Q
3 examples for other Cougulase Negative Staphylococci?
A
S. Haemolyticus
S.Lugduenesis
S.Hominis
2
Q
S. Hemolyticus
Transmission and Resivoir
A
Resivoir - Part of Normal Skin flora
Opportunistic Pathogen - Wound Infection, Endocarditis, Bacteremia and Sepsis.
3
Q
S. Hemolyticus
Lab Diagnosis
A
S. Hemolyticus - Lab Diagnosis:
Cougulase Negative and Gram Positive
Beta Hemolysis
4
Q
S. Lugdunensis
Transmission and Pathogesis
A
Oppurtonistis Pathogen - Skin flora
Aggressive Endocarditis and Other involvement in Cardiovascular Infections.
(Cougulase Negative and Gram Positive)
5
Q
S. Hominis
Hemolytic Activity
Transmission
A
No Hemolytic Activity (Gamma) but Contribuits to Body Odor :)
Cougulase Negative and Gram Positive
Opportunistic Pathogen from Skin Flora
6
Q
Common features of the Streptococcus Genus: (4)
A
Gram-Positive Cocci
Arranged in Pairs or Chains
Facultative Anaerobe
Catalase Negative (and Isolation on Blood Agar)
7
Q
Strep. Hemolysis Classification on Blood agar:
Alpha - Examples for Bacteria
Beta - Examples for Bacteria
Gamma - Examples for Bacteria
A
Strep. Hemolysis Classification on Blood agar:
Alpha - S. Pneumoniae / S. Virdans
Beta - S. Pyogenes / S. Agalactiae
Gamma - Enterococcus Faecalis
8
Q
Hemolysis Classification on Blood agar:
Alpha - Meaning
Beta - Meaning
Gamma - Meaning
A
Hemolysis Classification on Blood agar:
Alpha - Green or Partial Hemolysis, Reduction of Hb
Beta - Complete Hemoysis Colonies
Gamma - None Hemolysis Colonies
9
Q
Strep. Lancifield Classification (A-U) - Antigen Dependent (A-G in human) Examples for :
A -
B -
D -
A
Strep. Lancifield Classification (A-U)
A - S.Pyogenes
B - S. Agalactiae
D - S. Bovis and E. Facaelis
10
Q
Molecular Classification of Strep. (16S rRNA)
Pyogen Examples
A
Pyogen Examples
S. Pyogenes, S.Agalactiae
11
Q
Molecular Classification of Strep. (16S rRNA)
Anginosus Examples
A
Anginosus
S. Anginosus
12
Q
Molecular Classification of Strep. (16S rRNA)
Mitis Examples
A
Mitis
S.Pneumoniae and S.Mitis
13
Q
Molecular Classification of Strep. (16S rRNA)
What is unique about Sanguinis and Mutans?
A
Dental Carries
14
Q
Virdans Group Diseases for:
Sanguis and Oralis
Mutans
Bovis
A
Sanguis and Oralis - Endocarditis
Mutans - Dental Caries
Bovis - Malignancies of GI
15
Q
Streptococcus Mutans
Metabolic Products (Cariogenesis)
A
Streptococcus Mutans
Metbolizes Sugars to Lactic Acid allowing for Low pH enviorment.
Produces Polysacchrides from Sucrose.
16
Q
Other Aerobic Spore Formers Bacilli:
Antibiotics Producers + Antibiotic
(Try to Remember at least 3 examples)
A
Brevibacillus Brevis - Gramicidin
Bacillus Subtilis - Bacitracin
Bacilus Cereus - Cerexin
Paenibacillus Polymyxa - Polymyxin
Bacillus Circulans - Circulin
17
Q
Other Aerobic Spore Formers Bacilli:
Kind Used for Testing Heat Sterilization Procedures
A
Geobacillus Stearothermophilus
Used for Testing Heat Sterilization Procedures
18
Q
Other Aerobic Spore Formers Bacilli:
Kinds Occasionally isolated from Gastroeneritis
(Try to Remember at least 3 examples)
A
B. Subtilis ,B. Circulans ,B. Coagulans ,Brevibacillus Brevis, B. Pumilus
19
Q
Conditions for Anaerobic Gram Negative Rods
CO2 and O2 Values - Finegold
A
CO2 - More than 10%
O2 - less than 8%
20
Q
Anaerobic Gram Negative Rods
4 Enzymes Missing
A
1) Cytochromes for Oxygen Metabolism
2) Supraoxide Dismutase
3) Catalase (Partly)
4) Peroxidase (Partly)
21
Q
Anaerobic Gram Negative Rods
Noraml Flora of Oral Cavity (1:10 - Aero/Anaero)
A
Peptococcus
Peptostreptococcus
Lactobacillus
Bifidobacterium
Prophyromonas
Fusobacterium
22
Q
Anaerobic Gram Negative Rods
Noraml Flora of Colon (1:1000 - Aero/Anaero)
A
Peptococcus
Peptostreptococcus
Lactobacillus
Bifidobacterium
Prophyromonas
Fusobacterium
Eubacterium
23
Q
Anaerobic Gram Negative Rods
Noraml Flora of Skin (10:1 - Aero/Anaero)
A
P. Acnes
Propionibacterium
Prevotella
Bacteroides
24
Q
Anaerobic Gram Negative Rods
Noraml Flora of Vagina (Changing Aero/Anaero)
A
Peptostreptococcus
Lactobacillus
Bifidobacterium
Eubacterium
25
**Anaerobic Gram Negative Rods**
Peptococcus - Normal Flora of...
Colon and Oral Cavity
26
**Anaerobic Gram Negative Rods**
Peptostreptococcus - Normal Flora of...
Colon, Vagina and Oral Cavity
27
**Anaerobic Gram Negative Rods**
Lactobacilus - Normal Flora of...
Colon, Vagina and Oral Cavity
28
**Anaerobic Gram Negative Rods**
Bifidobacterium - Normal Flora of...
Colon, Vagina and Oral Cavity
29
**Anaerobic Gram Negative Rods**
Bacteroids - Normal Flora of...
Colon, Skin and Oral Cavity
30
**Anaerobic Gram Negative Rods**
Prophyromonas- Normal Flora of...
Colon and Oral Cavity
31
**Anaerobic Gram Negative Rods**
Eubacterium - Normal Flora of...
Colon and Vagina
32
**Anaerobic Gram Negative Rods**
Upon displacement from normal flora enviorment to dying body tissue:
Examples, Conditions met and General Consequences
Conditions - 1) Lower O2: Shock, Angiopathy and DM
2) Barrier Cut - Aspiration, Operation and Trauma
Results in Endogenous Infection and Complex Pathogenesis
33
**Anaerobic Gram Negative Rods**
Antibiotics Treatment:
What should be determined before given? Which type?
Only after **MIC** Determination
**Metronidazole** - Effective against most anaerobes
Clindamycin, Chloramphenical are also a possibility
34
**Moraxella Genus**
Lab Findings and General Charcteristics
Gram Negative
Diplococci
Oxidase Positive
White Colonies on Culture Media
35
**Moraxella Genus**
Normal Flora of...
**Moraxella Genus** - Normal Flora of...
Skin, Upper respiratory Tract and Genitourinary Tract.
36
**Moraxella Catarrhalis**
Specific Biochemical Features (other than Oxidase+)
Obligate Anaerobe
Beta-Lactamase+
37
**Moraxella Catarrhalis**
Epidemiologic Factors, Diseases and Treatments
Epidemiologic Factors - Childrens or Respiratory patients
Diseases - Bronchopneumonia, Bronchitis, Sinusitis and Otitis Media
Treatment - Amoxicillin with Clavulinic Acid
38
**Moraxella Lacunata**
Disease
Treatment
**Moraxella Lacunata**
Subacute Conjectivitis
Amoxicillin with Clavulinic Acid
39
**Moraxella Osloensis and Moraxella Nonliquefaciens**
Normal Flora of...
Kind of Infection
**Moraxella Osloensis and Moraxella Nonliquefaciens**
## Footnote
Skin surface, Mucosal Membranes of Mouth and Genitourinary Tract.
Causes Rare Opportunistic Infections
40
How can we diffretiate between N. Meningitidis and N. Gonorrohea?
N. Meningitidis has a Capsule and Ferments **Maltose** while N. Gonorrohea Does Not.
41
**Other Apathogenic Neisseria:**
Important Species (Try to remember at least 3)
**Other Apathogenic Neisseria:**
## Footnote
Lactemica , Subflava, Flavescens, Mucosa, Pharyngitidis, Pharyngococcus
42
**Other Apathogenic Neisseria:**
Rare Pathogenesis Consequence
Cultivation in contrast to Pathogenic Neisseria
Rare Pathogenesis - Respiratory Tract Infections, Endocarditis or Conjunctivitis (N.Lactamica)
Cultivation - Easier, Normal Neiserria Media, Ferments several Sugars
43
**Other Apathogenic Neisseria:**
General Features and Habitat
General Features - Gram-, Aerobic, Oxidase+
Habitat - Oral and Nasopharyngeal
44
**Proteus Spicies**
Most Infections Source
Other Kinds
Most Infections by P. Mirabilis
Other less infective - P. Penneri, P. Vulgaris
45
**EAEC - Enteroaggregative E. Coli**
MOA, Disease
**EAEC - Enteroaggregative E. Coli**
MOA - Attachment to epitheial cells of Small Intesine by Pili , Bacterial Aggregation and release cytotoxins
Sever wattery diarrhea in Children in developing countries (Chronic \>14 days)
46
**EIEC - Enteroinvasive E. Coli**
MOA, Disease, Plasmid Activity
**EIEC - Enteroinvasive E. Coli**
MOA - Colon Destruction of Epithelial Cells
Dysentery - Wattery Diarrhea, Mucos and Fever
Plasmid Activity - Full Invasion of Plasmid from Shigella
47
**EPEC - Enteropathogenic E. Coli**
Transmission ,MOA, Disease
**EPEC - Enteropathogenic E. Coli**
Transmission - Nursing homes Outbreaks
MOA - Attachment to epitheial cells of Small Intesine by Intimin/Tir Complex - **Pedestal Formation!**
Wattery Diarrhea in Newborns
48
**Salmonella Genus**
Biochemical Properties
Types in Animal GI, Gastroenteitis
**Salmonella Genus**
Biochemical Properties - H2S+, Lactose(-)
Types in Animal GI,Gastroenteitis - S.Enteriditis and S. Typhimurium
49
**Vibrionaceae Familly**
General Characteristics
**Vibrionaceae Familly**
Gram Negative, Comma Shaped
Oxidase Positive
Primarily Found in Water
50
**Vibrio Parahaemolyiticus**
Lab Diagnosis
VF
Incubation time
**Vibrio Parahaemolyiticus**
TCBS Medium Culture
Enterotoxin
24hrs
51
**Vibrio Parahaemolyiticus**
Transmission and Symptomes
**Vibrio Parahaemolyiticus**
Shellfish, Undercooked asian food or Sea water
Self Limited Severe Gastroenteritis with Diarrhea
Wound Infection from Sea Water
52
**Vibrio Vulnificus**
Transmission
VF
Diseases
**Vibrio Vulnificus**
Shellfish, Undercooked asian food or Sea water
VF: Capsule, Cytolysins, Collagenases, Proteases, Siderophores (Iron-Carrier Enzyme)
Severe Wound infection - Erythema, Bullae Formation and Necrosis
Sepsis (Septicemia)
53
**Plesiomonas Shigelliodes**
Lab Diagnosis
Transmission
Clinical Feature
**Plesiomonas Shigelliodes**
Gram Negative, Motile and Oxidase Positive
Transmitted by Seafood
Gastroenteritis with Wattery/Bloody Diarrhea
54
**Aeromonas Hydrophila**
Lab Diagnosis
Treatment
**Aeromonas Hydrophila**
Gram Negative, Rod Shaped, Facultative Anaerobic
Oxidase and Indole Positive
Fluroquinalone : Ciprofloxacin
55
**Aeromonas (e.g. A. Hydrophila)**
Transmission
Clinical Features
Transmitted by Meat and Dairy Products/ Immunocompremised Paitents
Bloody Diarrhea from food infection
Wound Infection - Cellulitis from Infected Water
56
**Bulkholderia, Stenotrophomonas and Acinetobacter**
General Common Features
**Bulkholderia, Stenotrophomonas and Acinetobacter**
Contaminate Moist Hospital Sites - Nosocomial Infection
Sinks, Showers, Respirators
57
**Burkholderia Mallei**
Disease Related
**Burkholderia Mallei - Glanders Disease**
* Effects Donkeys and Horses as well
* Highly Infectious
* Skin and Mucosal Ulcers
* Inhalation can cause pneumonia
* Lymphangitis and Sepsis (Lethal)
58
**Burkholderia Pseudomallei**
Transmission and Pathogenesis
**Burkholderia Pseudomallei**
In Tropical Countries soil
Highly Infectious and Could be dormant for years
Re-Occurance upon stress
Peritichous Polar Flagella
59
**Burkholderia Pseudomallei**
Disease Related
**Burkholderia Pseudomallei** - Disease Related
* Meliodosis - Endemic Glanders like disease
* Chronic Lung Disorders
* Upper Lobe Pulmanry Disease
* Acute Bacteremia (From cutaneous Infection)
60
**Burkholderia Cepacia Complex (BCC)**
Reservoir
Pathogenesis
Treatment
**Burkholderia Cepacia Complex (BCC)**
* Plant Pathogen but opportunistic pathgen in Cystic Fibrosis (Rare Otherwise)
* Motile with Peritrichous Polar Flagella
* Highly drug Resistant
61
**H. Haemolyticus**
**H. Haemolyticus**
Gram(-) Coccobacillus
Diagnosis: Has Hemolytic Activity
Diagnosis: Choclate Agar with Factor V and X
62
**H. Parainfluenzae**
**H. Parainfluenzae**
Gram(-) Coccobacillus
Similar Diseases to Influenzae
Diagnosis: Choclate Agar with Factor V only
63
**H. Parahaemolyticus**
**H. Parahaemolyticus**
Gram(-) Coccobacillus
Diagnosis: Has Hemolytic Activity
Diagnosis: Choclate Agar with only Factor V
64
**H. Aegypticus**
**Symptomes**
**H. Aegypticus**
Conjectivitis and Brazilian Purpuric Fever (In children)
65
**H. Aegypticus**
**Diagnosis**
**H. Aegypticus**
Gram(-) elongated Rod
Diagnosis: Choclate Agar with Factor V and X
66
**H. Ducreyi**
**Transmission and Symptomes**
**H. Ducreyi**
**STD**
**Painfull Ulcus molle** - **Chanceroid** (Unlike Syphillis)
67
**H. Ducreyi**
**Diagnosis and Treatent**
**H. Ducreyi**
Gram(-) elongated Rod
Diagnosis: **Choclate** Agar with Only Factor **X**
Treatment: **Erythromycin**, **Fluroquinolone**
68
**Other Haemophilus:**
**H. Haemolyticus**
**H. Haemolyticus**
Gram(-) Coccobacillus
Diagnosis: Has Hemolytic Activity
Diagnosis: Choclate Agar with Factor V and X
69
**Stenotrphomonas Maltophilia**
Transmission and Characteristics
**Stenotrphomonas Maltophilia**
* 3rd most common gram negative pathogen
* Isolated from sputum of Cystic Fibrosis Paitents
* Nosocomial - IV Catheters, Disinfectant solutions
70
**Stenotrphomonas Maltophilia**
Clinical Features and Treatment
**Stenotrphomonas Maltophilia**
* Lung infection (CFTR) and Sepsis
* MDR potential
* Treated with Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole
71
**Acinetobacter Baumanii**
Characteristics and Diagnosis
Transmission
**Acinetobacter Baumanii**
* Gram Negative, Coccobacilli, Obligate Anaerobe
* Oxidase Positive, Non-Fermenting
* Ubiquitous Saprophytes
* Nosocomial - Opportunistic for Paitents with broad spectrum antibiotics
72
**Acinetobacter Baumanii**
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Treatment
MACI and PACI
**Acinetobacter Baumanii**
* Forms Biofilms in Catherters develop to Bacteremia
* Sepsis, UTI, RTI, Wound infections
* MDR - Treatment based on in vitro susceptibillity tests (like Disc Diffusion)
* *MACI - Multi-resistant Acinetobacter Baumanii*
* *PACI - Pan-resistant Acinetobacter Baumanii*
73
**Cariogenesis**
* Process and Outcome
* Causitive Agents
* Advanced Stage agents
**Cariogenesis**
* Demnirlization of Enamel, Dentin or Cementum by lactic acids produced by -
* S.Mutans or S.Sanguis usually
* Lactobacilus Spp. is involved in later stages
74
**Bacteroides Fragilis**
General Charactersistics
VF (Non toxic)
Toxin
**Bacteroides Fragilis**
Polysacchride Capsule, Flora of GI, Anaerobe
Hyalurodinase, Fubrinolysin, DNase, Heparinase
Heat-Labile Zinc Metaloprotease
75
**Pervotella Disiens**
General Charcteristics
VF
**Pervotella Disiens**
Vagina Flora, Anaerobe
IgA Protease
Collagenase and Fibrinolysin
76
**Fusobacterium Genus**
VF
Clinical Symptomes
Diagnostics
**Fusobacterium Genus**
Anaerobe Gram Negative Rod, With oral **spirochates** cause Infections
**Plaut-Vincet Angina** -Ulceritive Tonsillitis could progress to Gingivitis
**Geisma Stain**
77
**Streptococcus Bovis**
Clinical Presentation
Assosiation with
Dominant subtype
**Streptococcus Bovis**
Mitral Valve Endocaritis after GI surgery
In general Bacterima Could indicate Colorectal Cancer
S. Gallolyticus
78
**Borrelia Recurrentis**
Transmission
Pathogenicity
Clinical Presentation and Treatment
**Borrelia Recurrentis**
Louse Vector between Humans
Capable of Antigenic Variation
Epidemic Relapsing Fever, Treat by Tetracyclines
79
**Borrelia Hermsii**
Transmission
Pathogenicity
Clinical Presentation and Treatment
**Borrelia Hermsii**
Zoonosis transmission via Ticks
Capable of Antigenic Variation
Endemic Relapsing Fever, Treat by Tetracyclines
80
**Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae**
`General Features
**Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae**
Gram Positive
Rod
Zoonosis (Pigs)
81
**Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae**
Pathogensis
**Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae**
Erysiploid -Skin mild infection
(Similar to S.Pyogenes's Erysipleas)
Endocarditis (Rarely)
82
**Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae**
Erysipeloid -Symptomes
**Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae -** Erysipeloid Symptomes:
Pain
Skin lesions without pus
Violaceus (Purple Spots)
83
**Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae**
Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention
**Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae**
Diagnosis: Small transparnt colonies on Blood agar
Treatment: Self limiting (4 wks max) or Penicillin
Prevention: Vaccination of Pigs or Gloves
84
**Lactobacillus (L.acidophilus, L.Casei, L. Fermentum)**
General Features
**Lactobacillus (L.acidophilus, L.Casei, L. Fermentum)**
Gram Positive
Rod Shape
Part of Oral, Gut and Vagina Normal Flora - Acidic Environments
85
**Lactobacillus (L.acidophilus, L.Casei, L. Fermentum)**
Clinical Features
(Try to remember 3 Pathologies as they are rare)
**Lactobacillus (L.acidophilus, L.Casei, L. Fermentum)**
Lactose Fermenter that is used as Probiotic
Involved in late complications of Dental Caries
Rarely causes (Endo. Pathogen): Endocarditis, Meningitis, Cellulitis, Orbital Osteomylitis, Ptostatitis, Saplpingitis, Sepsis
86
**Lactobacillus (L.acidophilus, L.Casei, L. Fermentum)**
Diagnosis
**Lactobacillus (L.acidophilus, L.Casei, L. Fermentum)**
Culture from CSF/Amniotic Fluid/Exodate
**Rogosa Medium** - Anaerobic conditions with low pH and High Glucose
Blood Agar - 5% CO2 24hrs. **White-Yellowish Colonies with Yogurt Smell.**
87
**Lactobacillus (L.acidophilus, L.Casei, L. Fermentum)**
Treatment (When acts as Endogenous Pathogen)
**Lactobacillus (L.acidophilus, L.Casei, L. Fermentum)**
Dependent of Susceptability Test
could be Vancoyscin Resistant!
88
**Bifidobacterium Bifidum**
General Features
**Bifidobacterium Bifidum**
Gram Positive Rod
Dominant Friendly Bacteria of the Intestine
89
**Bifidobacterium Bifidum**
Found in Which Individuals
Medical Significance
Industrial Significance
**Bifidobacterium Bifidum**
Found in Breast-Fed Infants
Prevents colonization of Pathogens and Used as Probiotics
Manufacturing of Yogurt
90
**Prebiotics**
Definition
Examples
**Prebiotics**
Non-Digestble foods aiding good bacteria flurish
Oligosaccharide-Fibers or Resistant Starch found in Fruits of Whole grains
91
**Probiotics**
Definition
Examples
**Probiotics**
Friendly gut bacteria found in fermented foods
Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria
92
**Porphyromonas**
General Features
VF
**Porphyromonas**
Aanaerobic Gram-negative rod
Flora of Mouth and GI
Trypsin-like activity, Collagenase
93
**Salmonella Genus**
Biochemical Properties
Types Adapted to Human, Enteric Fever
**Salmonella Genus**
Biochemical Properties - H2S+, Lactose(-)
Types Adapted to Human, Enteric Fever - S. Typhi and Parathyphi A, B and C (I.e. Abdominal Typhi - Picture)
94
**Salmonella Genus**
Biochemical Diagnostic Methods
1) Eosin-Methylene Blue (**EMB**) medium: pink colonies (lactase negative)
2) **Brillant-green medium**: Lactose, dextrose, saccharose with Andrade indicator will appear
with no color (salmonella is lactose negative, E. Coli will show red)
3) **Bismuth-sulfite medium**: on bismuth salt + sodium sulfite medium, salmonella H2S
production will cause bismuth sulfide to be colored black (selective for salmonella)
4) Salmonella-Shigella (**Hektoen**) medium: black colonies (to distinguish from shigella)
Black plate under salmon
95
**Salmonella Genus**
**Serology**
* **Slide agglutination**- specific antibody to identify bacteria ‘O’ and ‘H’ antigens
* **Gruber-Widal test** (tube agglutination)- serial dilutions of Ag to detect Ab in serum
96
**_2 other Causative Agents of Tuberculosis_**
(other than Mycobacteria Tuberculosis)
**_2 other Causative Agents of Tuberculosis_**
* **Mycobacterium Bovis** - Cattles milk to Human, Childhood scrofuloderma, BCG Vaccine derived from it (Live Attenuated).
* **Mycobacterium Africanum -** West African countries
97
**_Facultative Pathogenic Mycobacteria_**
**_Runyon Classification_** : Group II
**_Runyon Classification : Group II_**
* Slow growers, Scotochromogens (only in dark)
* **_Mycobacterium Scrofulaceum_** : from Soil or water to Oropharynx in Childern. Granulomatous cervical lymphadenitis. Treated by surgical removal.
* **_Mycobacterium Xenopi_**
98
**_Facultative Pathogenic Mycobacteria_**
**_Runyon Classification_** : Group IV
**_Runyon Classification : Group IV_**
* Rapid growers (\<7 days) , Non-chromogens
* **_Mycobacterium Chelonae_**: from soil/water/animals, causing subcutanous lesions.
99
**_Facultative Pathogenic Mycobacteria_**
**_Runyon Classification_** : Group III
**_Runyon Classification : Group III_**
* Slow growers, Non-chromogens
* **_Mycobacterium Avium complex_**: from soil/water/animals, Lung-TB/Dissaminated-TB in AIDS paitents. Diagnosis by microscopy and treatment with Clarithromycin and Azithromycin.
* **_Mycobacterium Ulcerans_**: from soil/water. "Buruli" Skin ulcers and Abcesses
100
**_Facultative Pathogenic Mycobacteria_**
**_Runyon Classification_** : Group I
**_Runyon Classification : Group I_**
* Slow growers, Photochromogens (only in light)
* **_Mycobacterium Marinum_** : from Fish, Lung-TB in AIDS paitents
* **_Mycobacterium Kansasii_**: Lung and Systemic disease. Could be MDR-TB.
101
**_Facultative Pathogenic Mycobacteria_**
**_Runyon Classification_** : 3 Parmeters
**_Runyon Classification_**
Based on:
* Rate of growth
* Yellow pigment production
* If it was produced in the dark/light
102
What are the facultative pathogenic mycobacteria? (2 examples)
**Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC)**
**Mycobacterium Kansasii**
**Mycobacterium Marinum**
**Mycobacterium Ulcerans.**
103
**Which mycobacteria is apathogenic?**
**Mycobacterium Smegmatis**
104
**Serovariants of Leptospira Inerrogans**
L. Icterohaemorrhagiae (Rats)
L. Canicola (Dogs)
L. Pomona (Pigs)
105
Causative Agents of Lyme Disease?
Borrelia ****_G_**arini**
Borrelia ****_B_**urgdorferi**
Borrelia ****_A_**fzelii**
106
What type of Vaccine is there for a Bacterium of the Salmonella Genus? Which Bacterium?
Live Attenuted Vaccine for Paratyphi and Typhi
(Syringe in Seagall's Leg)
107
How can we distinguish between S.Typhi+Paratyphi to Enteridis?
S.Typhi and Paratyphi have the Vi Capsular Antigen
108
Medically Important Shigella Spicies:
Shigella Dysenteriae
Shigella Flexneri
Shigella Boydii
Shigella Sonnei
109
Serney test for Shigella
Innoculation of Shigella in Rabitt shows Kertoconjectivitis
110
Treatment for Shigella Infections
TMP-SMX
Trimethoprim and Sulfonamides
111
What is the Tenesmus Sensation caused by Shigella?
**Tenesmus**
Constant need for Defication while eventaully turns out unproductive
112
Which of the Yersinia Genus posess the Pla?
Yersinia Pestis - Pla, Plasminogen Activator Protease Gene
113
**Yersinoisis**
How does it menifest with each pathogen related?
**Yersinoisis**
1) Y. Enterocolitica - Gastroenteitis and Enterocolitis
2) Y.Pseudotuberculosis - Gastroenteitis and Mesenteric Lymphadenitis
114
Adult complications of Yersinoisis
**Adult complications of Yersinoisis - Bechterew Disease**
Spondylosis Ankylopoetica with Arteritis (IC acculomation)
Abcesses in Abdomen
Hepatitis
Osteomylitis
115
What are the 3 types of Infection Menifestations in Y. Pestis?
3 Types of Infection Menifestations in Y. Pestis
* **Bubonic** Form - **LAD** aka Buboes
* **Septicemic** Form - Hemmoraghic Inflammation, Abcess, **DIC**
* **Pneumonic** From - **B**lack **B**lood **C**ough with Pneumonia
116
What are the Bacteria relative to the Diphteroid Group?
**Diphteroids**
Corynebacterium Pseudodiphtheriticum, Corynebacterium Ulcerans, Corynebacterium Minutissimum, Corynebacterium Urealyticum.
117
Legionella pneumophila is a bacterium grown on _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ____ \_\_\_\_ with iron and cysteine.
Legionella pneumophila is a bacterium grown on buffered charcoal yeast extract - **BCYE** with iron and cysteine.
118
**Campylobacteria Genus**
More Examples apart from C. Jejuni
**Campylobacteria Genus**
Campylobacter **Coli**, Campylobacter **Fetus** and Campylobacter **Upsaliensis** - All causing **Gastroenteritis**
119
**B. Suis**
Reservoir and Disease
**B. Suis**
Pigs
Swine brucellosis
120
**B**. **Melitensis**
Reservoir and Disease
**B. Melitensis**
Goats and Sheep
Malta fever
121
**B. Abortus**
Reservoir and Disease
**B. Abortus**
Cattle
Bang disease
122
**B. Canis**
Reservoir and Infection
**B. Canis**
Dogs
rarely causing infection
123
**Bordetella Genus**
More Examples apart from B. Pertussis
Pathogenesis
**Bordetella Genus**
B. **Parapertussis**, B.**Bronchiseptica** - with filamentous haemaglutinin, pertactin, fimbriae causing RTI
B. **Petrii** - Only Bordetella not obligate Aerobe
124
**Bartonella Quintana**
Diseases Associated
**Bartonella Quintana**
**_5 Days Fever / Trench Fever_**
**_Subacute Endocarditis_** (3 Week to Culture)
**_Bacillary Angiomatosis_** (Like B.Hensle)
125
**_C. Perfringens_**
**A and C Types Acording to the Toxin and Symptomes**
**_C. Perfringens_**
* **“A” type : (ε)** **Enterotoxin - Food Poisoning:** watery diarrhea with abdominal cramps
* **“C” type: β-toxin - Necrotizing Enteritis (Often Fatal) :** necrotic lesions in jejunum, bloody diarrhea, peritonitis, shock
126
**_Other Gas Gangrane Clostridia_**
Clostridium Septicum
**_Clostridium Septicum_**
* **_Motile with peritrichous flagella_**
* **_Associated with Colon tumor_**
* **_VF:_** α-toxin with necrotic and hemolytic activity
* Diagnosis by blood culture
* **_Necrotizing fasciitis_**
127
**_Other Gas Gangrane Clostridia_**
Clostridium Novyi
**_Clostridium Novyi_**
* **_General features:_** motile with peritrichous flagella Three types based on the toxin produced: A, B (pathogenic) and C (non-pathogenic)
* **_Virulence factors:_** α, β, δ, ε toxins with haemolytic (necrotic activity), phospholipases and lipases
* **_Clinical feature: Toxemia_**
128
**_Other Gas Gangrane Clostridia_**
Clostridium Histolyticum
**_Clostridium Histolyticum_**
* **_Animals and Humans are Targets_**
* **α-Toxin** - Necrotizing Muscle Tissue - Killing Lab Animals in hours time
* **β-toxin** - 7 Collagenases in complex
* Rest are Proteases, Elastases and Hemolysins
129
**_Treponema Genus and Non-Venereal Treponemal Diseases_** (Treponematosis):
## Footnote
**Treponema Pallidum Vincentii**
**_Treponema Pallidum spp. Endemicum_**
* **_Ulcerative Tonsillitis_** - **Plaut Vincent Angina**
* Combination with **Fusobacterium Nucleatum** in oral cavity causes **fusospirochetal infection**
* **Necrosis in tosils could extened to Acute ulceritive Gingivitis**
130
**_Treponema Genus and Non-Venereal Treponemal Diseases_** (Treponematosis):
## Footnote
**Treponema Pallidum spp. Pertenue**
**_Treponema Pallidum spp. Pertenue_**
* **_Yaws_** - South America, Central Africa (Endemic)
* **Granulomatosus Disease**
* Secondary **Skin** lesions
131
**_Treponema Genus and Non-Venereal Treponemal Diseases_** (Treponematosis):
## Footnote
**Treponema Pallidum spp. Endemicum**
**_Treponema Pallidum spp. Endemicum_**
* **_Bejel (Endemic Syphilis)_** - Africa/Asia/Australia
* Transmission through **Eating utensils**
* Initial **Oral** Lesion
* Secondary **Skin** lesions
132
**Diphteroids - Definition**
**Diphteroids**
Non-Pathogenic Corynebacterium species
Members of the Normal skin and Throat flora
133
**_Actinomyces - Other Species_**
2 names
**_Actinomyces - Other Species_**
**Actinomyces Naeslundii** (Mister lunas with nice nose)
**Actinomyces Odontolyticus**
134
**_Oritentia Tsutsugamushi_**
Diagnosis and Treatment
**_Oritentia Tsutsugamushi_**
* **_Giesma Stain_**
* **_Doxycycline_**
135
**_Oritentia Tsutsugamushi_**
Pathogenesis and Disease
**_Oritentia Tsutsugamushi_**
* **_Reservoir and Transmission through Red Mites_**
* **_Phospholipase_**: Allowing for degradation of Phagosome membrane
* In host cell, Binary fission is **_very slow_** (up to 12 hours)
* **_Scrub Typhus_** **:**Abrupt fever, headache, myalgia, in less than 50% also maculopapular rash. up to 15% mortality rate.
136
**_Mycoplasmatales_**
Species and Morphology
**_Mycoplasmatales_**
* **_Smallest living organism_**
* Significant genera are **_Mycoplasma_** (125 species) and **_Ureaplasma_** (7 species)
137
**_Mycoplasmas_**
General Features and Morphology
**_Mycoplasmas_**
* **_Facultative anaerobes_** **(except M. pneumoniae, which is an obligate aerobe)**
* **_Grow slowly_** and require exogenous **_Sterols for Membrane_**
* **_Small colonies_**
* **_No Cell Wall_**
* **_Membrane Glycolipids and Proteins_**
138
**_Mycoplasmas_**
**M.Genitelium**: Habitat, Pathogenesis, Diseases and Culturing
**_M.Genitelium_**
* _Habitat**:**_ **Genitourinary tract**
* _Pathogenesis_**: transmitted by sexual contact (STD)**
* _Diseases_**: Non-Gonococcal urethritis (NGU), PID**
* _Culture_**:** from **first part of urine or from ejaculate** (urethral discharge)
139
**_Mycoplasmas_**
**_M. Hominis_**: Habitat, Pathogenesis, Diseases, Treatment and Culturing
**_M. Hominis_**
* _Habitat**:**_ **Genitourinary tract**
* _Pathogenesis_**: transmitted by sexual contact (STD)**
* _Diseases_**: Non-Gonococcal urethritis (NGU), Pyelonephritis, Postpartum fevers, systemic infections in immunocompromised patients.**
* _Culture_**:** **4 days** long, Metabolizes **Arginine**
* _Treatment:_ **Clindamycin**
140
**_Ureaplasma Urealyticum_**
Habitat
Pathogenesis
Diseases
Treatment
Culturing
**_Ureaplasma Urealyticum_**
* _Habitat**:**_ **Genitourinary and Respiratory tract**
* _Pathogenesis_**: transmitted by sexual contact (STD)**
* _Diseases_**: Non-Gonococcal urethritis (NGU), Pyelonephritis, Spontaneous abortion, Premature birth**
* _Culture_**:** **Urea containing media**
* _Treatment:_ **Erythromycin**
141
**_Chlamydia Genus_**
## Footnote
**Chlamydia Psittaci**
**_Chlamydia Psittaci_**
* Zoonotic, Obligate Intracellular
* Parrots/Birds to Human Pathogen:Walking Pneumoniae, Meningitis and Myocarditis
* Macrolides as Treatment
142
**_Chlamydia Genus_**
## Footnote
**Chlamydophilla Pneumoniae**
_**Chlamydophilla** **Pneumoniae**_
* Grows intracellularly - Macrophages/Endothels/SMC
* Called TWAR agent - Serotypes TW + AR
* Obligate Human Pathogen:Walking Pneumoniae and Hoarseness
* Macrolides as Treatment
