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S.N Microbiology > Group 1 > Flashcards

Group 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Size of viruses

A

20-400 nm

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2
Q

Size of Bacterias

A

1-20 micro.m

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3
Q

All parasites are classified as

A

Eukaryotes

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4
Q

FUngi are _____ organisms

A

Eukaryotic

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5
Q

WHo is coomonly known as father of microbiology?

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

1600

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6
Q

Pioneer of smallpox vaccine

A

Edward Jenner

1700

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7
Q

What did Semmelweis use and when?

A

Antiseptic- Chlorine hand wash (against S.Pyogenes)

1847

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8
Q

Modern bacteriology founder

A

Robert Koch

1880

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9
Q

What did Robert Koch find?

A

Identified specific cusative agents for TB, Cholera, Anthrax

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10
Q

Founder of Virology

A

Dimitry Ivanovsky

1892

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11
Q

Who invented the Gram staining

A

Paul Erlich

1909

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12
Q

Penicillin was discovered by

A

Sir Alexander Fleming

1928

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13
Q

Diameter of Euk. cell

A

10-100 micro.m

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14
Q

What makes up the flagella in prokaryotes?

A

Flagellin

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15
Q

Rank based classification of bacteria by order

A 
Life
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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16
Q

The three domain system of taxonomy includes

A

Archea
Bacteris
Eukarya

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17
Q

Obligate structures of bacteria

A 
Cell wall
Cytoplasmic memb
Ribosomes
Periplasmic space
Outer memb
Cytoplasm
Nucleoid
Plasmid
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18
Q

Who is the father of micro?

A

Antoni van leewenhoek

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19
Q

Who invented small pox vaccine

A

Edward jenner

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20
Q

Gram stainning inventor

A

Paul Erlich

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21
Q

Penicillin G discovry by

A

Sir Alexander Fleming

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22
Q

Ribosome size bacteria vs. human

A

70S

80S

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23
Q

Facultative structures of bacterias

A

Flagella
Spore
Pili-fimbriae
Capsule

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24
Q

Tests for the presence of capsule

A 
India ink
Quellung test (Ab-Ag)
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25
Q

Spores are formed by who?

A

Aerobic bacillus

Anaerobic clostridium

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26
Q

Bacteria cell wall structure G+

A

Inner cytoplasmic layer- phospholipids

Peptidoglycan layer

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27
Q

Bacteria cytoplamic layer doesnt contain

A

Sterol

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28
Q

Peptidoglycan layer composed of

A

N-Acetyl Glucosamine
N-Acetyl Muramic acid
Teichoic acid
Lipoteichoic acid

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29
Q

G- cell wall structure

A

Inner cytoplasmic layer- phospholipids
Peptidoglycan layer
Outer memb. with Lipopolysaccharide

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30
Q

Cross linking of peptydoglycan layer is done by

A

Transpeptidase enzyme

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31
Q

Difference btw. G-/G+ cell wall

A

G+ has thick peptidoglycan layer

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32
Q

Why G+ stained violet?

A

The thick crystal violet layer attachs strongly to the peptidoglycan layer

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33
Q

G- peptidoglycan layer contains

A

Murein

Lipoprotein

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34
Q

G- outer layer LPS structure

A

Outer carbohydrate chain- oligosaccharide
Water soluble polysaccharide
Lipid A

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35
Q

Lipid A is also known as

A

Endotoxin

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36
Q

Why does G- stain red?

A

The crystal violet color is washed away and the safranin is absorbed

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37
Q

O2 is broken down into

A

Hydrogen peroxide
Hydroxyl radicals
Superoxide radicals

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38
Q

3 enzymes that breaks down O2 metabolites?

A

Catalase
Superoxide dismutase
Peroxidase

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39
Q

Facultative anaerobes have which enzymes?

A

Catalase

Superoxide dismutase

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40
Q

Bacterial DNA is found in what forms? (3)

A

Chromosome
Plasmid
Transposome

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41
Q

What is bacterial modification?

A

Change that occurs to the bacterial phenotype

Loss of capsule
Loss of sensitivity to AB

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42
Q

What is reversion?

A

Mutated gene turns back to the original variant

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43
Q

When is reversion dangerous?

A

With vaccines containing attenuated pathogenes

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44
Q

Modes of gene transfer

A

Vertical

Horizontal

45
Q

Transduction=

A

Transfer of DNA using a bacteriophage

46
Q

Different modes of sterilization? -3

A

Physical
Chemical
Mechanical

47
Q

Examples of physical sterilization

A

Hot air chamber
Autocleavage
Radiation

48
Q

Examples of chemical sterilization

A

Etylene oxide gas
Formaldehyde
B-P-Lactone
Plasma sterilization

49
Q

Membrane filtration is made of

A

Cellulose acetate/nitrate

50
Q

Prions are only sensitive to

A

Basic pH

51
Q

LAL=

A

Limulus Amebocyte Lysate

52
Q

What is LAL?

A

Blood of horseshoe crab

53
Q

LAL reacts with

To form a

A

LPS to form a blood clot

54
Q

What is more effective?

Ster or disin?

A

Sterilization

55
Q

Examples for disinfection?

A 
Pasteurisation
Boiling
UV radiation
Ethanol 70%
Phenol
Detergents
56
Q

Pasteurisation=

A

Heating fluid to 62 C for 30 min

Followed by rapid cooling

57
Q

Ideal drug

A

Selective toxicity
Spectrum of activity
Lack of side effects
No resistance development

58
Q

Result of giving more than one drug at a time can be - (3)

A

Indifference
Antagonism
Synergism

59
Q

Side effects of Antimicrobial drugs

A 
Allergy
Dysbacteriosis
Candidiasis
Direct toxic damage
Jarich Herxheimer reaction
Theraputic failure
60
Q

Examples for AB and what is their direct toxic effect

A

Aminoglycoside -> Kidney and nerves
Vancomycin -> Kidneys
Tetracyclin -> Teeth

61
Q

Transpeptidase are also called

A

PBP

62
Q

B lactams are generally bacteriostatic or bacterocidial?

A

Bacterocidial

63
Q

What is a B lactam ring?

A

Cyclic amide with a nitrogen attached to a carbon and a five member ring

64
Q

Penicilin examples

A

Natural penicillin - Penicillin G and V
Aminopenicillin- Amoxicillin, Ampicillin
Penicillinase resistant penicillin- Methcillin

65
Q

Cephalosporin structure

A

B lactam ring and a 6 member ring with sulfur

66
Q

Cephalosporin types

A 
1st- Cefazolin, Cefalexin
2nd- Cefuroxin
3rd- Ceftriaxon
4th- Cefepim
5th- Ceftaroline
67
Q

Cephalosporin might cause

A

Gallstones

68
Q

Monobactam structure

A

Only a B lactam ring

69
Q

Example of Monobactam

A

Aztreonan

70
Q

Monobactam is against what

A

Aerobic G-

71
Q

Carbapenem examples

A

Meropenem

72
Q

Bacitracin is what kind of AB?

A

Polypeptyde AB

73
Q

How can we use Bacitracin?

A

Cream
Spray
Skin infections caused by G+

74
Q

MOA of Bacitracin?

A

Inhibition of peptidoglycan precursoe translocation across the bacterial memb.

75
Q

Aminoglycosides and Tetracyclin intefer with what

A

30S subunit of ribosome

76
Q

Aminoglycosides mnemonics

A

AMINO

Against Aerobic
Mainly bactericidial
Inhibit 30S
Nephrotoxic
Ototoxic
77
Q

Aminoglycosides examples

A

Streptomycin

Gentamicin

78
Q

Resistant to Aminoglycosides?

A

Change in the 30S subunit

79
Q

Tetracyclin examples

A

Doxycyclin
Tigecyclin
Minocyclin

80
Q

which AB binds reversely to 30S?

A

Tetracyclin

81
Q

Tetracyclin is toxic to

A

Bone
Tooth
Liver
Kidney

82
Q

Phase 1 TB treatment deugs

A

Rifampin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol

83
Q

Phase 2 TB treatment deugs

A

Rifampin

Isoniazid

84
Q

Second line TB drugs

A

Quinolones
Aminoglycosides
Polypeptides
Linezoid

85
Q

Vaccination against TB?

A

BCG

Bacillus Calmette Guerin

86
Q

Different types of AB resistant?

A

New enzyme against AB
Uptake of AB is decreased
Binding site for AB is decreased
Affected metabolic pathway is shut down

87
Q

Why G- is resistant to Vancomycin?

A

AB is to large to get through the pores

88
Q

Classification of exotoxins?

A 
Neurotoxins
Cytotoxins
Enterotoxins
Leukocidin
Hemolysin
89
Q

Define superantigene

A

Ag that cause non specific activation of T cells -> Polyclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release -> Toxic shock

90
Q

Example for superantigene

A

TSST

91
Q

DPT is

A

Diphteria
Pertusis
Tetanus

92
Q

SuperAg MOA

A

Binds MHC-II outside the groove
Bind B chain of T cell receptor
Activate large number of T cells irrespective of the Ag specificity of their Ag binding site

93
Q

LPS structure

A

O- specific oligosaccharide
Polysaccharide core
Lipid A

94
Q

Endotoxin mediated toxicity examples

A 
Fever
Complement activation
DIC
Shock
Seath
95
Q

Non toxic virulence factors of the bacteria

A 
Capsule
Flagella
Pili
Biofilm
Invasin
Extracellular enzymes
96
Q

Transmission routes of infection

A

Direct contact

Transplacental

97
Q

Obligatory vaccine and when to give

A 
BCG- 0-6 weeks
DPT- 2 m, 4 m, 6 m, 18 m, 11 year
IPV- 2,4,6,18,6y
HiB- 2,4,6,18
PCV13- 2,6,12,
MMR- 15 m, 11 year
Hep. B- 12 years
98
Q

MMR is given when

A

15 month

12 years

99
Q

BCG is given when

A

0-6 weeks

100
Q

DPT is given when

A

2,4,6,18 m
6 year
11 year recativation

101
Q

PCV is given when?

A

2,6,12 m

102
Q

Possible complication of heterologus IgG?

A

Serum sickness

103
Q

Facultative vaccine

A 
Meningococcal B
Varicella
Rotavirus
Influenza
Hep. A
HPV
Typhoid
Cholera
Shigella
104
Q

What comes before sepsis?

A

SIRS

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome

105
Q

SIRS symptoms

A

Temp above 38 or below 36
Tachycardia > 90BPM
Respiratory > 20

106
Q

Sepsis symptoms

A

SIRS
+
Documented infection

107
Q

Severe sepsis symptoms

A

Sepsis
+
Evidence of organ disfunction

108
Q

Common types of nosocomial infections

A 
Ventilator associated pneumonia
S. Aureus
MRSA
P. aeruginosa
Acinetobacter baumenii
C. Difficile
UTI
109
Q

Normal flora of the oral cavity

VALS S

A 
Viridans
Anaerobs (Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, Actinomyces)
Lactobacillus
Spirochete
Staph. epidermitis

S.N Microbiology (16 decks)

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