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S.N Microbiology > Group 1 > Flashcards

Group 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Size of viruses

A

20-400 nm

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2
Q

Size of Bacterias

A

1-20 micro.m

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3
Q

All parasites are classified as

A

Eukaryotes

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4
Q

FUngi are _____ organisms

A

Eukaryotic

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5
Q

WHo is coomonly known as father of microbiology?

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

1600

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6
Q

Pioneer of smallpox vaccine

A

Edward Jenner

1700

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7
Q

What did Semmelweis use and when?

A

Antiseptic- Chlorine hand wash (against S.Pyogenes)

1847

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8
Q

Modern bacteriology founder

A

Robert Koch

1880

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9
Q

What did Robert Koch find?

A

Identified specific cusative agents for TB, Cholera, Anthrax

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10
Q

Founder of Virology

A

Dimitry Ivanovsky

1892

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11
Q

Who invented the Gram staining

A

Paul Erlich

1909

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12
Q

Penicillin was discovered by

A

Sir Alexander Fleming

1928

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13
Q

Diameter of Euk. cell

A

10-100 micro.m

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14
Q

What makes up the flagella in prokaryotes?

A

Flagellin

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15
Q

Rank based classification of bacteria by order

A 
Life
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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16
Q

The three domain system of taxonomy includes

A

Archea
Bacteris
Eukarya

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17
Q

Obligate structures of bacteria

A 
Cell wall
Cytoplasmic memb
Ribosomes
Periplasmic space
Outer memb
Cytoplasm
Nucleoid
Plasmid
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18
Q

Who is the father of micro?

A

Antoni van leewenhoek

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19
Q

Who invented small pox vaccine

A

Edward jenner

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20
Q

Gram stainning inventor

A

Paul Erlich

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21
Q

Penicillin G discovry by

A

Sir Alexander Fleming

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22
Q

Ribosome size bacteria vs. human

A

70S

80S

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23
Q

Facultative structures of bacterias

A

Flagella
Spore
Pili-fimbriae
Capsule

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24
Q

Tests for the presence of capsule

A 
India ink
Quellung test (Ab-Ag)
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25
Spores are formed by who?
Aerobic bacillus | Anaerobic clostridium
26
Bacteria cell wall structure G+
Inner cytoplasmic layer- phospholipids | Peptidoglycan layer
27
Bacteria cytoplamic layer doesnt contain
Sterol
28
Peptidoglycan layer composed of
N-Acetyl Glucosamine N-Acetyl Muramic acid Teichoic acid Lipoteichoic acid
29
G- cell wall structure
Inner cytoplasmic layer- phospholipids Peptidoglycan layer Outer memb. with Lipopolysaccharide
30
Cross linking of peptydoglycan layer is done by
Transpeptidase enzyme
31
Difference btw. G-/G+ cell wall
G+ has thick peptidoglycan layer
32
Why G+ stained violet?
The thick crystal violet layer attachs strongly to the peptidoglycan layer
33
G- peptidoglycan layer contains
Murein | Lipoprotein
34
G- outer layer LPS structure
Outer carbohydrate chain- oligosaccharide Water soluble polysaccharide Lipid A
35
Lipid A is also known as
Endotoxin
36
Why does G- stain red?
The crystal violet color is washed away and the safranin is absorbed
37
O2 is broken down into
Hydrogen peroxide Hydroxyl radicals Superoxide radicals
38
3 enzymes that breaks down O2 metabolites?
Catalase Superoxide dismutase Peroxidase
39
Facultative anaerobes have which enzymes?
Catalase | Superoxide dismutase
40
Bacterial DNA is found in what forms? (3)
Chromosome Plasmid Transposome
41
What is bacterial modification?
Change that occurs to the bacterial phenotype Loss of capsule Loss of sensitivity to AB
42
What is reversion?
Mutated gene turns back to the original variant
43
When is reversion dangerous?
With vaccines containing attenuated pathogenes
44
Modes of gene transfer
Vertical | Horizontal
45
Transduction=
Transfer of DNA using a bacteriophage
46
Different modes of sterilization? -3
Physical Chemical Mechanical
47
Examples of physical sterilization
Hot air chamber Autocleavage Radiation
48
Examples of chemical sterilization
Etylene oxide gas Formaldehyde B-P-Lactone Plasma sterilization
49
Membrane filtration is made of
Cellulose acetate/nitrate
50
Prions are only sensitive to
Basic pH
51
LAL=
Limulus Amebocyte Lysate
52
What is LAL?
Blood of horseshoe crab
53
LAL reacts with | To form a
LPS to form a blood clot
54
What is more effective? | Ster or disin?
Sterilization
55
Examples for disinfection?
``` Pasteurisation Boiling UV radiation Ethanol 70% Phenol Detergents ```
56
Pasteurisation=
Heating fluid to 62 C for 30 min | Followed by rapid cooling
57
Ideal drug
Selective toxicity Spectrum of activity Lack of side effects No resistance development
58
Result of giving more than one drug at a time can be - (3)
Indifference Antagonism Synergism
59
Side effects of Antimicrobial drugs
``` Allergy Dysbacteriosis Candidiasis Direct toxic damage Jarich Herxheimer reaction Theraputic failure ```
60
Examples for AB and what is their direct toxic effect
Aminoglycoside -> Kidney and nerves Vancomycin -> Kidneys Tetracyclin -> Teeth
61
Transpeptidase are also called
PBP
62
B lactams are generally bacteriostatic or bacterocidial?
Bacterocidial
63
What is a B lactam ring?
Cyclic amide with a nitrogen attached to a carbon and a five member ring
64
Penicilin examples
Natural penicillin - Penicillin G and V Aminopenicillin- Amoxicillin, Ampicillin Penicillinase resistant penicillin- Methcillin
65
Cephalosporin structure
B lactam ring and a 6 member ring with sulfur
66
Cephalosporin types
``` 1st- Cefazolin, Cefalexin 2nd- Cefuroxin 3rd- Ceftriaxon 4th- Cefepim 5th- Ceftaroline ```
67
Cephalosporin might cause
Gallstones
68
Monobactam structure
Only a B lactam ring
69
Example of Monobactam
Aztreonan
70
Monobactam is against what
Aerobic G-
71
Carbapenem examples
Meropenem
72
Bacitracin is what kind of AB?
Polypeptyde AB
73
How can we use Bacitracin?
Cream Spray Skin infections caused by G+
74
MOA of Bacitracin?
Inhibition of peptidoglycan precursoe translocation across the bacterial memb.
75
Aminoglycosides and Tetracyclin intefer with what
30S subunit of ribosome
76
Aminoglycosides mnemonics
AMINO ``` Against Aerobic Mainly bactericidial Inhibit 30S Nephrotoxic Ototoxic ```
77
Aminoglycosides examples
Streptomycin | Gentamicin
78
Resistant to Aminoglycosides?
Change in the 30S subunit
79
Tetracyclin examples
Doxycyclin Tigecyclin Minocyclin
80
which AB binds reversely to 30S?
Tetracyclin
81
Tetracyclin is toxic to
Bone Tooth Liver Kidney
82
Phase 1 TB treatment deugs
Rifampin Isoniazid Pyrazinamide Ethambutol
83
Phase 2 TB treatment deugs
Rifampin | Isoniazid
84
Second line TB drugs
Quinolones Aminoglycosides Polypeptides Linezoid
85
Vaccination against TB?
BCG Bacillus Calmette Guerin
86
Different types of AB resistant?
New enzyme against AB Uptake of AB is decreased Binding site for AB is decreased Affected metabolic pathway is shut down
87
Why G- is resistant to Vancomycin?
AB is to large to get through the pores
88
Classification of exotoxins?
``` Neurotoxins Cytotoxins Enterotoxins Leukocidin Hemolysin ```
89
Define superantigene
Ag that cause non specific activation of T cells -> Polyclonal T cell activation and massive cytokine release -> Toxic shock
90
Example for superantigene
TSST
91
DPT is
Diphteria Pertusis Tetanus
92
SuperAg MOA
Binds MHC-II outside the groove Bind B chain of T cell receptor Activate large number of T cells irrespective of the Ag specificity of their Ag binding site
93
LPS structure
O- specific oligosaccharide Polysaccharide core Lipid A
94
Endotoxin mediated toxicity examples
``` Fever Complement activation DIC Shock Seath ```
95
Non toxic virulence factors of the bacteria
``` Capsule Flagella Pili Biofilm Invasin Extracellular enzymes ```
96
Transmission routes of infection
Direct contact | Transplacental
97
Obligatory vaccine and when to give
``` BCG- 0-6 weeks DPT- 2 m, 4 m, 6 m, 18 m, 11 year IPV- 2,4,6,18,6y HiB- 2,4,6,18 PCV13- 2,6,12, MMR- 15 m, 11 year Hep. B- 12 years ```
98
MMR is given when
15 month | 12 years
99
BCG is given when
0-6 weeks
100
DPT is given when
2,4,6,18 m 6 year 11 year recativation
101
PCV is given when?
2,6,12 m
102
Possible complication of heterologus IgG?
Serum sickness
103
Facultative vaccine
``` Meningococcal B Varicella Rotavirus Influenza Hep. A HPV Typhoid Cholera Shigella ```
104
What comes before sepsis?
SIRS | Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome
105
SIRS symptoms
Temp above 38 or below 36 Tachycardia > 90BPM Respiratory > 20
106
Sepsis symptoms
SIRS + Documented infection
107
Severe sepsis symptoms
Sepsis + Evidence of organ disfunction
108
Common types of nosocomial infections
``` Ventilator associated pneumonia S. Aureus MRSA P. aeruginosa Acinetobacter baumenii C. Difficile UTI ```
109
Normal flora of the oral cavity VALS S
``` Viridans Anaerobs (Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, Actinomyces) Lactobacillus Spirochete Staph. epidermitis ```

S.N Microbiology (16 decks)

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