Micro-Semifinal Minimum Q COPY Flashcards
1
Q
What does sterilisation mean?
A
Killing procedure of any kind of germs.
2
Q
What does disinfection mean?
A
Procedure where the number of the germs are reduced to a safety level.
3
Q
Which parameters can influence the effectivity of the sterilisation?
A
The number of the germs, The resistance of the germs, The concentration of the disinfectants, The presence of the organic materials, The initial time, The presence of the biofilm.
4
Q
Parameters of the hot-air sterilisation cupboard protocol?
A
180°C; 1 hour
160°C; 2 hours
140°C; 3 hours
5
Q
Parameters of the autoclaving?
A
+ 1 atm overpressure, 121°C,20-30 minutes
or +2 atm overpressure, 134°C, 10 minutes.
6
Q
Chemical agents used for gas sterilisation?
A
Etilene oxide
Formaldehyde
Beta-propio-lacton
7
Q
The theoretical background of plasma sterilisation?
A
Hydrogen-peroxide in high electric field will form plasma stage. The produced free radicals will kill the microbes. At the end of the procedure will be produced water, oxygen and other nontoxic products.
8
Q
Biological method used for checking the effectivity of the sterilisation.
A
By Bacillus/Geobacillus stearo-thermo-philus spores.
If the procedure was performed in correct way, the spores cannot be cultivated.
9
Q
Detection of the presence of pyrogenic material in drugs?
A
LAL test; The blood of the horseshoe crab will coagulate in the presence of the LPS
10
Q
What are the disinfectants?
A
Chemical agents used on inanimate / non-living surfaces.
DISinfected like DIScusting I dont want it on my skin
11
Q
What are the antiseptic agents?
A
Chemical agents used for disinfection on animate (tissue, skin, mucous membrane) surfaces.
12
Q
What does serological reaction mean?
A
Reaction based on the antigen-antibody reaction performed in vitro.
13
Q
What does agglutination mean?
A
Serological reaction where the antigen is cell mediated
14
Q
What are the bacterial cell surface antigens?
A
O: cell wall (wall you pronounce like wOOOllll)
H: flagella
K: capsule
15
Q
What does antibody titre mean?
A
The highest dilution fold or the lowest antibody concentration where we can see in vitro antigen-antibody reaction.
16
Q
What does precipitation mean?
A
Serological reaction where the antigen is soluble (enzyme, toxin or virus particle).
17
Q
What does iatrogenic infection mean?
A
Infection caused by medical staff during the investigation or treatment
Iatrogenic. I am the source as a medical person
18
Q
What does nosocomial infection mean?
A
Infection occurred in hospital after 48 hours of the hospitalisation.
19
Q
What are the contents of the vaccines?
A
Live attenuated microbe;
Killed microbe,
Toxoid,
Antigens of the microbe.
20
Q
What does native examination of the microbe mean in microbiology?
A
The microbe is examined without killing procedure
Native like Naturally
21
Q
What kind of information can we get by light microscopically examination? (3 example)
A
The size of the microbe,
The shape of the microbe,
The motility,
The staining can be examined.
22
Q
The solutions of the Gram-stain?
A
Sodium oxalate, Crystal violet, Iodine solution, 96% of ethanol safranin or Fuchsin.
23
Q
What kind of devices can be used for anaerobic cultivation?
A
Anaerostate,
Gas-pack jar,
High agar,
Anaerobic chamber
24
Q
Definitions: bacteriostatic, bactericide
A
bacteriostatic: inhibits bacterial growth (static!!)
bactericide: kills bacteria (icide like suicide)
25
Definition: selective toxicity
the antibiotic has an effect only on the bacteria, but not on the human host
26
Chemotherapeutic index?
dosis tolerata maxima (DTM)/dosis curativa minima (DCM)
27
Cell wall synthesis inhibitor antibiotics?
Penicillin, Cephalosporin, Carbapenem, Glycopeptide
28
Glycopeptide antibiotics
Vancomycin, teicoplanin
Put all the sugar in the VAN, the PLAN is to TAKE them all
29
Membrane function alternating antibiotics are:
Polymyxines
לערבב מלא את הממברן
30
What are the protein synthesis inhibitor antibiotics? (3 example)
```
Aminoglycosides
Tetracycline
Macrolide
Chloramphenicol
Linezolid
```
31
Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors are: (2 example)
Quinolones,
Rifampicin,
Sulphonamide,
Trimethoprim
המלכה של התא צריכה רובה כדי שהיא תישאר מוגנת בתוך הארמון
32
Three possible ways of horizontal gene transfer
1. conjugation (plasmid)
2. transduction (bacteriophage)
3. transformation (uptake of naked DNA from the environment)
33
Antibiotic resistance mechanism are:
Enzymatic degradation or modification of the antibiotics, efflux pump, modifying of the antibiotic binding site
34
What does MRSA mean?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
35
What does ESBL mean?
Extended spectrum of beta lactamase enzyme.
36
What does MIC mean?
Minimal bacteriostatic concentration of an antibiotic measured in ug/ml.
MIC ends with IC like bacteriostatIC
37
What does MBC mean?
Minimal bactericidal concentration of an antibiotic measured in ug/ml.
38
Definitions: MBL, MACI, PACI
MBL: metallo-beta-lactamase (=carbapenemase)
MACI: multi-resistant Acinetobacter
PACI: pan-resistant Acinetobacter
39
Which 3 vaccines contain capsular polysaccharide?
1. Hib (against Haemophilus influenzae type b)
2. Prevenar / Pneumovax (against 13 / 23 serotypes of Streptococcu pneumoniae)
3. meningococcus vaccines (against serotypes ACWY) – but not B!
40
What kind of specimen can be sent to the microbiological diagnostic laboratory in the case of typical pneumonia?
Sputum and haemoculture
41
What kind of specimen can be sent to the microbiological diagnostic laboratory in the case of atypical pneumonia?
Blood
Urine
Broncho-alveolar lavage.
42
What kind of bacterial infection can be treated by antitoxin? (2 example)
Infections caused by bacterial exotoxins:
Tetanus
Botulism
Diphtheria
43
Which bacteria can be differentiated with the catalase test?
Staphylococci (+) and Streptococci (-)
44
Which bacteria can be differentiated with the coagulase test?
Staphylococcus aureus (+) and the other staphylococcus species (so called „coagulase-negative staphylococci”)
45
Microscopic morphology of Staphylococci
Gram-positive cocci, arranged in grape-like structures
46
Colony morphology of Staphylococcus aureus on blood agar plate
average size, round colonies with butter consistency, golden pigment
production and beta-haemolysis
47
What are the non-toxic virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus? (3 example)
Protein A, endocoagulase (clumping factor), exocoagulase, adhezins, teicoic acid, hialuronidase, protease, lipase, DN-ase.
48
What are the toxic virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus?
Leucocidin, toxic shock syndrome toxin, exfoliative toxin, enterotoxin, haemolysin
49
Disease caused by Staphylococcus aureus?
Folliculitis, furuncle, carbuncle, impetigo, pneumonia, osteomyelitis, food poisoning.
50
Diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus exotoxins? (2 example)
Food poisoning, scalded skin syndrome, toxic shock syndrome
51
List at least 2 coagulase-negative staphylococcus species (from the list provided below)!
S. epidermidis,
S. saprophyticus,
S. haemolyticus,
S. lugdunensis
52
Diseases caused by coagulase negative staphylococci?
Nosocomial infections, biofilm production on the surface of plastic devices.
53
Which bacterium can cause „Honeymoon cystitis”?
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
54
Colony morphology of Streptococcus pyogenes on blood agar plate
small, pin-point colonies, surrounded by large, strong beta-haemolytic zone
55
Which streptococci show beta-haemolysis?
Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae
56
Which streptococci show alpha-haemolysis?
Streptococcus pneumoniae and viridans streptococci (e.g. S. mutans,
S. mitis, S. salivarius)
57
Which species is the Lancefield group A streptococcus?
Streptococcus pyogenes
58
Which species is the Lancefield group B streptococcus?
Streptococcus agalactiae
59
What is the causative agent of scarlet fever?
Streptococcus pyogenes
60
Which bacterial virulence factor is the causative agent of scarlet fever?
Streptococcus pyrogenic exotoxin or erythrogenic toxin
61
What is the capsule of S. pyogenes made of?
Hyaluronic acid
62
Disease cause by Streptococcus pyogenes? (3 examples)
Pharyngitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, impetigo, erysipelas, necrotising fasciitis, scarlet fever, TSST
63
What kind of post streptococcal infections can be caused by Streptococcus pyogenes?
Acute rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis
64
Which two streptococcus species show 100% penicillin sensitivity still now?
Streptococcus pyogenes and Streptococcus agalactiae
65
What kind of disease can be caused in new-borns by Streptococcus
agalactiae?
In new born- meningitis, sepsis, pneumonia.
66
Which bacterium is the leading cause of neonatal meningitis?
Streptococcus agalactiae
67
Microscopic morphology of Streptococcus pneumoniae
Gram-positive diplococci
68
How can be prevented the invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?
By 23 valent polysaccharide capsule vaccine or by 13 valent conjugated vaccine.
69
Which two bacteria can be differentiated based on their optochin sensitivity / resistance?
S. pneumoniae (S) and viridans streptococci (R)
70
What kind of disease can be cause by viridans group streptococci?
Dental decay or endocarditis.
71
Which are the 2 most frequent human pathogenic Enterococcus species?
E. faecalis and E. faecium
72
Microscopic morphology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Gram-negative, non capsulated diplococci.
73
What kind of culture media can be used to cultivate Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Chocolate agar or Thayer Martin agar.
74
Microscopic morphology of Neisseria meningitidis?
Gram-negative, capsulated, diplococci.
75
How can Neisseria meningitidis spread?
By respiratory droplets and will colonize the nasopharynx.
76
What kind of disease can be caused by Neisseria meningitidis?
Sepsis, meningitis, Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome.
77
What kind of diseases can be caused by Nesseria gonorrhoeae?
Gonorrhoea, blenorrhoea neonatorum, proctitis, orchitis.
78
What is the causative agent of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome?
Neisseria meningitidis
79
What kind of tests can be performed from liquor in case of Neisseria
meningitidis infection?
Microscopic examination, Gram-stain, latex agglutination.
80
What can be do prophylactic with the contact person who suffering by Neisseria meningitidis infection?
Chemoprophylaxis by rifampicin or ciprofloxacin.
81
What can cause Nesseria gonorrhoeae in newborns?
Ophthalmoblenorrhoea neonatorum
82
Which serotype of Haemophilus influenzae can cause invasive infection?
The Haemophilus influenzae with capsule „b” serotype.
83
How can be prevented the invasive infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae strains?
By Hib vaccine
84
What kind of disease can be caused by Haemophillus ducreyi?
Ulcus molle (chancroid).
85
What is the causative agent of whooping cough?
Bordetella pertussis.
86
What are the virulence factor of Bordetella pertussis? (2 examples)
Fimbria, pertactin, pertussis toxin, tracheal cytotoxin, dermatonecrotic toxin.
87
What is the causative agent of tularemia?
Francisella tularensis
88
What are the causative agents of human brucellosis? (2 examples)
Brucella abortus,
B. melitensis,
B. suis,
B. canis
89
What are the diseases caused by Bacillus anthracis? (2 examples)
Cutaneous anthrax, pulmonary anthrax, gastrointestinal anthrax.
90
What kind of disease can be caused by Bacillus cereus?
Food poisoning (vomiting, diarrhea), wound infection.
91
What is the causative agent of pseudomembranosus colitist?
Clostridium difficile
92
What kind of bacteria can cause flaccid paralysis?
Clostridium botulinum
93
What kind of bacteria can caused spastic paralysis?
Clostridium tetani
94
What is the treatment of Botulism?
Giving polyvalent antitoxin.
95
What is the treatment of pseudomembranosus colitis?
Vancomycin per os, metronidazole, faecal transplantation.
96
Which bacteria can cause gas gangrene? (2 example)
Clostridium perfringens, Clostridium histolyticum, Clostridium septicum.
97
What is the causative agent of diphtheria?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
98
How can be detected the toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?
By Elek’s-test, Römer-test (in guinea pig).
99
What is the treatment of diphtheria?
Passive immunisation, giving antibiotics, artificial ventilation if is necessary.
100
Which bacteria belong to diphtheroid group? (2 examples)
Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum, Corynebacterium ulcerans, Corynebacterium minutissimum, Corynebacterium urealyticum.
101
What are the diseases caused by Listeria monocytogenes?
Meningitis, sepsis, granulomatosis infantiseptica.
102
What are the diseases caused by Listeria monocytogenes in adults?
Gastrointestinal symptoms, meningitis, sepsis, endocarditis
103
What is the treatment of Listeriosis?
Ampicillin-gentamicin is the drug of choice.
104
What is the causative agent of erysipeloid?
Erysipelothrix Rhusiopathiae.
| for memo: Erysipelo - Thrix Rhusio - Pathiae
105
Which bacteria can cause dental decay?
Lactobacilli and Streptococcus mutans.
106
Which bacteria can cause human tuberculosis? (3 examples)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium africanum.
107
What kind of staining can be used to stain mycobacteria?
Ziehl-Neelsen staining.
108
How long can be cultivated the causative agent of human tuberculosis on Lowenstein-Jensen culture media?
6-8 weeks.
109
How can be prevented the human tuberculosis?
By BCG vaccine.
110
What are the facultative pathogenic mycobacteria? (2 examples)
Mycobacterium avium Complex, Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycobacterium marinum, Mycobacterium ulcerans.
111
Which mycobacteria is apathogenic?
Mycobacterium smegmatis.
112
What is the causative agent of leprosy?
Mycobacterium leprae.
113
What are the types of leprosy?
Tuberculoid and lepromatosus leprosy.
114
What is the treatment of leprosy?
Dapsone, clofazamin, rifampicin.
115
How can Nocardia stain?
Itis Gram-positive and Ziehl-Neelsen positive
116
What are the most important Actinomyces species? (1 example)
Actinomyces israelii, Actinomyces naeslundii, Actinomyces odontolyticus.
117
Which E. coli can be toxin producer? (3 examples)
ETEC, EPEC, EAEC, EIEC, EHEC
118
What kind of extra intestinal disease can be caused by Escherichia coli?
Urinary tract infections, neonatal meningitis, sepsis.
119
What are the causative agent of typhoid fever? (4 examples)
Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A, B, C.
120
Which bacteria can cause salmonellosis?
Salmonella Enteritidis, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Choleraesuis
טיפימוריום וכולרסויס
121
What is the causative agent of dysentery? (2 examples)
Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei.
fleneri bcs the shigella gorilla on sketchy is in the circus and she is flexible
122
Which bacterium is the causative agent of plague?
Yersinia pestis.
123
What is the spreading way of the plague?
By the bite of the rat flea, by respiratory droplets.
124
What are the diseases caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae?
Lobar (Friedländer) pneumonia, wound infection, blood stream infection, urinary tract infection.
125
What is the causative agent of cholera?
Vibrio cholerae
126
What kind of Vibrio species can cause human diseases? (3 examples)
Vibrio cholera, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus.
127
What are the characteristic biochemical properties of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Obligate aerobic, oxidase positive.
128
Colony morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Bacteria can produce water-soluble pigment that stain the culture media, the colonies have grape like smells.
129
Microscopic morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Gram-negative rod.
130
What are the most frequent diseases caused by Pseudomas aeruginosa?
Nosocomial lung infections, wound and blood stream infections
131
What is the treatment of the diseases cause by Pseudomonas aeruginosa?
Multiresistant, based on antibiogram.
132
What is the most common source of the infection caused by Acinetobacter baumanii?
Hospital environment.
133
What does MACI mean in microbiology?
Multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii
134
What is the most common source of the infection caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophila?
Nosocomial lung infection, sepsis.
135
What is characteristic for antibiotic sensitivity of Stenotrophomonas maltophila?
Multiresistant.
136
How can Legionella pneumophila spread?
By aerosol.
137
What is the diagnosis of Legionellosis?
By serology from blood, by immune chromatography from urine.
138
Which bacterium can cause chronic gastritis or stomach ulcer?
Helicobacter pylori.
139
What is the most important cultivable anaerobic member of the normal flora of the large bowel?
Bacteroides fragilis.
140
Which genera belongs to the Spirochaetales order?
Borrelia, Leptospira, Treponema.
141
What are the causative agents of Plaut-vincent angina?
Treponema vincentii and Fusobacteria.
142
What is the causative agent of syphilis?
Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum
143
How can syphilis spread?
By sexual contact, transplacental, by blood transfusion and by organ transplantation.
144
What is the first symptom in syphilis?
Ulcus durum – painless hard ulcer, enlarged lymph nodes.
145
In which stage of the syphilis can appear rush all over the body?
2nd stage.
146
In which stages is syphilis contagious?
1st and 2nd stages and in the first 2 years of the latency.
| At 3rd stage only in utero infections may occur.
147
When can develop neurosyphilis during the infection?
In all stages of the diseases can develop neuroyphilis.
148
What is the specific diagnosis of the syphilis?
ELISA, TPHA, TPPA
149
When can be used non treponemal serological reactions during the infection?
1. RPR and VDRL is used to determine the stages of syphilis
2. To detect the reinfection
3. To control the effectiveness of the therapy
150
What are the non-specific treponemal serological reactions?
RPR and VDRL
151
What kind of diseases can be caused by Borrelia?
Lyme diseases and relapsing fever
152
How can the Lyme disease spread?
By the bite of tick.
153
What are the causative agents of Lyme disease? (2 examples)
Borrelia burgdorferi, Borrelia afzelli, Borrelia garini
154
What is the causative of epidemic relapsing fever?
Borellia recurrentis.
155
What is the vector of Lyme diseases?
Tick
156
What is the vector of Borrelia recurrentis?
Body louse
157
What is the molecular background of relapsing fever?
Bacterial antigen changing.
158
What is the first symptom of Lyme diseases?
Erythema chronicum migrans
159
What is the causative agent of Weil’s diseases?
Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae.
160
What are the characteristic properties of the meningitis caused by Leptospira?
Serosus, non-purulent.
161
What is the source of the infection caused by Leptospira?
Zoonotic diseases, can spread by the urine of animals.
162
How can the Lyme diseases diagnosed?
By serology, ELISA screening test and fro confirmation immunoblot is used.
163
Which bacteria cannot have cell wall?
Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma.
164
Which bacteria can cause atypical pneumoniae?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila.
165
What is the causative agent of typhus exanthematicus?
Rickettsia prowaczekii
166
What is the causative agent of Q-fever?
Coxiella burnettii
167
What is the causative agent of parrot fever?
Chlamydophila psittaci.
168
What is the causative agent of trachoma?
Chlamydia trachomatis, serotype A-C.
169
What kind of disease can be caused by Chlamydia trachomatis serotype L1-L3
Lymphogranuloma venereum.
170
What is the effect of the bacterial AB exotoxins?
They are: neurotoxins, protein synthesis inhibitors or ion secretion enhancers.
171
What is the effect of the cholera toxin?
Increasing of the cAMP, enhancing the ion secretion
172
What are the causative agents of impetigo contagiosa?
S. aureus, S. pyogenes
173
What is the causative agent of erysipelas?
Streptococcus pyogenes
174
What is the causative agent of Trachoma?
Chlamydia trachomatis A, B, C
175
What is the causative agent of Ophtalmoblenorrhoea neonatorum?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
176
List 4 capsulated bacteria! (from the list)
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes
177
How many percentage of the adults are carrier of Staphylococcus. aureus?
20-30%
178
How many different kind (serotype) of capsule can be produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae?
94 (accepted answer: 90-100)
179
What is the most common causative agent of community acquired pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
180
What kind of vaccines can be used to prevent invasive diseases caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?
1. Prevenar-13: Streptococcus pneumoniae 13 type of capsule conjugated to toxoid – recommended for new-borns and in elderly
2. Pneumovax: Streptococcus pneumoniae 23 type of capsule – recommended for adults and teenagers.
