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S.N Microbiology > Microbiology - Semester 2 Minimum Questions COPY > Flashcards

Microbiology - Semester 2 Minimum Questions COPY Flashcards

1
Q

What are the fungal cell components (3 example)?

A

Cytoplasmic membrane with ergosterin, cell wall build up by chitin, glucan, or cellulose.

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2
Q

List at least two asexual spore type.

A

Conidia, Spherule, Arthrospore, Blastopore

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3
Q

What kind of diseases can be caused by fungi?

A

Allergic reactions, intoxications, mycosis (tissue damage of fungi).

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4
Q

Classification of the mycosis?

A

Superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous, systemic, and opportunistic mycosis.

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5
Q

What kind of staining can be used in mycology? (2 example)

A

Gram-, methylene blue-, India ink-, PAS-, Gömöri-Grocott staining.

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6
Q

Mode of action of the antifungal drugs?

A

Inhibition of ergosterin synthesis, pore formation on membrane, inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis, inhibition of cell division

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7
Q

List two Candida species.

A

Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis.

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8
Q

List two Trichophyton species.

A

Trichphyton rubrum, T. verrucosum, T. schonleinii, T. tonsurans

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9
Q

What are the source of the infection caused by dermatophytes?

A

Anthropophilic – human,
geophilic – soil,
zoophilic – animal

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10
Q

How can the protozoa be classified?

A

By the type of movement: amoeba, ciliate, flagellate and sporozoa

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11
Q

What is the causative agent of amoebic dysentery?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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12
Q

What can Entamoeba histolytica cause?

A

Amoebic dysentery, liver, lung and brain abscess

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13
Q

What is the causative agent of amoebic keratitis?

A

Acanthamoeba castellani.

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14
Q

Which protozoon can cause prostatitis?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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15
Q

Which protozoon can spread by sexual contact?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

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16
Q

Which protozoa can spread by the bite of sand fly?

A

Leishmania sp.

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17
Q

What kind of disease can be caused by Leishmania sp.?

A

Cutan, mucocutan and visceral leishmaniosis

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18
Q

How can leishmaniosis diagnose?

A

Giemsa-staining of biopsied material

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19
Q

Treatment of leishmaniosis?

A

Stibogluconate in combination with g-IFN and amphotericin-B

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20
Q

What are the causative agent of Human African Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)?

A

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense

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21
Q

How can the sleeping sickness spread?

A

By the bite of tsetse fly

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of sleeping sickness?

A

Lethargy, meningoencephalitis, dementia, somnolence, coma

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23
Q

What is the treatment of sleeping sickness?

A

Suramin, melarsoprol

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24
Q

What is the causative agent of Chagas diseases?

A

Trypansoma cruzi

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25
How can spread the Chagas disease?
By the faeces of the kissing bug during the bite
26
What is the treatment of Chagas disease?
Nifurtimox, the chronic stage is untreatable
27
What kind of diseases can be caused by Cryptosporidium parvum?
Watery diarrhea which lasts to 1-2 week
28
What is the treatment of cryptosporidiosis?
Oral rehydration
29
What is the treatment of toxoplasmosis?
Spiramycin, Pyrimethamine with Sulphonamide
30
How can malaria spread?
By the bite of Anopheles mosquito, transpalcental and by transfusion
31
What are the symptoms of malaria (4 symptoms)?
Periodic high fever, chills, head ache pain in joints and muscle, anaemia, hepato and splenomegaly, kidney failure
32
How can malaria be diagnosed
Blood: thick film, thin film stained by Giemsa, IF, PCR
33
What is the treatment of malaria?
Chloroquine, mefloquine and artemisin, hypnozoites by primaquine
34
Prevention of malaria by chemoprophylaxis?
Chloroquine, mefloquine, doxycycline
35
Prevention of malaria by vaccine?
Available vaccine since 2018 against Plasmodium falciparum. The content of the vaccine is a fusion protein.
36
How can Balantidium coli spread?
By fruits, vegetable contaminated by pig manure or by faecal oral route
37
What are the symptoms of balantidiasis?
Dysentery with abdominal pain, tenesmus
38
Treatment of balantidiasis?
Metronidazole, tetracycline
39
Classification of the helminths by morphology?
Flatworms: flukes and tapeworms; roundworms
40
What are the most characteristic properties of the flukes (3 example)?
They are short, flat, leaf shaped, hermaphrodites, have developed digestive system
41
What is the causative agent of fascioliasis?
Fasciola hepatica
42
What is the treatment of fascioliasis?
Bithionol or triclabendazole
43
What are the symptoms of paragonimiasis?
Night sweats, fever, bloody sputum, chest pain, pleuritis, bronchopneumonia
44
What is the treatment of paragonimiasis?
praziquantel or bithionol
45
What is the intermediate host of Taenia solium?
Pig
46
What kind of human diseases can be caused by Taenia solium? (2 example)
Tape worm infection and cysticercus cellulosae
47
What is the treatment of taeniasis?
Niclosamide, mebendazole
48
What is the treatment of diphyllobothriasis?
Niclosamide
49
How can Hymenolepis nana infection treated?
Niclosamide
50
Which helminths can develop hydatid cysts?
Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis
51
How can the hydatid cysts treated?
By albendazole or surgical removing
52
Which helminth can cause diarrhoea by prolapses of rectum?
Trichuris trichiura
53
Which helminth can cause protein deficiency (Kwashiorkor syndrome)?
Ascaris lumbricoides
54
What is the treatment of the infection caused by Ancylostoma and Necator?
Mebendazole, albendazole
55
Which helminth can cause paralytic ileus?
Strongyloides stercoralis
56
What kind of human disease can be caused by Toxocara canis?
Visceral larva migrans and ocular larva migrans syndrome
57
What kind of specimen can be used to diagnose the Toxocara infection?
Blood for serology
58
What kind of helminthic infection can spread from carnivore animals to humans?
Trichinella spiralis
59
What is the diagnosis of trichinellosis?
Serology from blood
60
What is the treatment of the Trichinella infection?
Mebendazole and albendazole can act only on intestinal helminths
61
How can elephantiasis spread?
By mosquito bite
62
What is the treatment of filariasis?
Diethylcarbamazin
63
Which helminth can appear in subconjunctival region?
Loa-loa
64
Which helminth can cause river blindness and elephant skin?
Onchocerca volvulus
65
What kind of disease can be caused by adenoviruses (3 examples)?
Pharyngitis, pneumonia, pertussis syndrome, pharyngoconjuctival fever, acute haemorrhagic cystitis, gastroenteritis
66
What kind of diseases can be caused by low-risk group papillomaviruses?
Condyloma acuminatum, warts
67
What can HHV1 (Herpes simplex virus 1) cause?
Herpes labialis, herpes simplex dermatitis, eczema herpeticum, herpes gladiatorum, herpetic whitlow
68
What can HHV2 (Herpes simplex virus 2) cause?
Genital herpes, neonatal herpes, encephalitis
69
How can HHV1 and HHV2 infections treated?
Acyclovir
70
What can CMV (Cytomegalovirus) cause?
Hepatitis, pancreatitis, pneumonitis, nephritis, myocarditis, encephalitis, chorioretinitis, oesophagitis, colitis, congenital infections
71
What can HHV-6 cause?
Encephalitis, pneumonitis, chorioretinitis, exanthema subitum or roseola infantum
72
What can HHV-7 cause?
Encephalitis, flaccid paralysis, hepatitis, gastritis, lymphadenopathy, diarrhea, pityriasis rosea
73
What can HHV-8 cause?
Kaposi-sarcoma, lymphoma
74
How can Hepatitis B virus spread?
By parenteral way, by sexual contact or perinatal
75
How can Hepatitis B virus infection treated?
By interferon and nucleotide analogues
76
How can Molluscum contagiosum virus spread and what can cause?
By direct contact and cause benign tumour of the skin
77
What can Poliovirus cause?
Aseptic meningitis, poliomyelitis, post-polio syndrome
78
What can Coxsackie A and B viruses cause?
A: herpangina, hand-foot-mouth disease, acute haemorrhagic conjunctivitis B: pleurodynia or Bronholm disease, myocarditis, pancreatitis
79
What can Rhinoviruses cause?
Sore throat, running nose, coughing
80
How can Hepatitis A virus spread?
By fecal oral route, by contaminated food or water
81
How can Caliciviruses spread and what can cause?
By fecal oral route, by contaminated water, by aerosol. | Can cause diarrhea vomiting.
82
How can Hepatitis E virus spread and what can cause?
By contaminated water, by raw pig and boar meat, rarely by blood transfusion and transplacental. Can cause acute hepatitis.
83
How can spread the causative agent of yellow fever?
By mosquito bite from human to human or from monkey to human.
84
How can Hepatitis C virus spread?
By parenteral way, by blood, by tattooing
85
Which population is at risk during the Rubella virus infection?
Pregnant women because can cause in utero infections (congenital rubella syndrome)
86
How can Influenza viruses spread and what can cause (3 examples)?
By respiratory droplets. Symptoms: high fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headache, sometimes-gastrointestinal symptoms.
87
How can Morbillivirus spread and what can cause?
By respiratory droplets and can cause measles with exanthemas and Koplic spots
88
What kind of complication may develop during measles?
Pneumonia, encephalitis and SSPE: subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
89
How can Mumpsvirus spread and what are the symptoms?
By respiratory droplets. | Symptoms are: inflammation of salivary gland, pancreatitis, orchitis, deafness
90
What is the causative agent of rabies?
Lyssa virus
91
How can rabies prevented?
By vaccine administered post exposure
92
What is the treatment of HIV infection?
By combination of nucleotide analogue and protease inhibitors
93
How can HTLV-1 spread?
By sexual contact, by blood and transplacental or by breast-feeding
94
List two diseases caused by prions
Kuru, fatal familiar insomnia, Creutzfeldt–Jacob-syndrome, bovine spongiform encephalitis

S.N Microbiology (16 decks)

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