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S.N Microbiology > Antibiotics COPY > Flashcards

Antibiotics COPY Flashcards

1
Q

Aminopenicillins:

A

Penicillin with extended spectrum : Gram+ and Gram-
Examples are Ampicillin and Amoxicillin
Beta lactamase Sensitive

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2
Q

Sterptogramins (Quinupristin/dalphopristin):

Mode of Action, Target, Effect

A

MOA: Binding 50S -prevents peptide bond elongation, as well as initiates premature
release of peptide

For VRSA and VRA

Bactericidal

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3
Q

Cephalosporins:

Side Effects

A

Allergy - Cross Reaction with Peniciline

Might Cause Gallstones - Ceftriaxone

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4
Q

Penicillin types according to Introduction

A

G - IV introduced
V - Orally Introduced

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5
Q

Cephalosporins:

5th Generation - Examples and Targets

A

Ceftarolin - For MRSA

Ceftobiprole - For Pseudomonas

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6
Q

Glycopeptides:

Examples

Toxicity

Absorption

Effect

A

Vancomycin and Teicoplanin

Oto- and Nephrotoxic

Local Effect and Treatment for MRSA

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7
Q

Cephalosporins:

3rd Generation - Examples and Targets

A

Ceftriaxone

For Gram+ and Gram-

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8
Q

Cephalosporins:

2nd Generation - Examples and Targets

A

Cefuroxime, Cefprozil and Cefaclor

For Gram+ and Gram-

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9
Q

Daptomycin:

Targets and Spectrum

A

Used against Vancomycin resistant Enterococci and Staph. Infections.

Only efficient for Gram+ (Cannot cross Gram- Membrane)

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10
Q

ESBL

Targets

Bacteria capable of producing it

Genetic Component containing it

A

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase

Hydrolyze Penicillines and Cephlosporines (up to 3rd Generation)

Gram Negative Bacteria

Plasmids

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11
Q

Peniciliinase (Beta-Lactamase) Resistnat Peniciline :

Side Effects

A

Allergy - Breaking down the penicilline is forming derivaties and these molecules are antigenic - Induce antibody production causing: Erythema, Fever, Arthritis.

Might cause Diarrhea

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12
Q

Aminoglicosides:

Resistance Options and Side effects

A

Resistance Options:

Receptor Mutation of 30S/ Enzymatic Degredation coded by Plasmids/ Efflux-Pump

Side Effects:

Oto- and Nephrotoxicity

In high doses it is Neurotoxic

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13
Q

Chloramphenicol:

Spectrum, Effect and MOA

A

Spectrum: Gram+ and Gram-

Effect: Bactriostatic, binds to 50S -Peptidyltransferase

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14
Q

What is the key component for the resistance of VRSA and PRP?

A

Penicillin Binding Protein (PBP)

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15
Q

Aminoglicosides:

Examples and Mode of Action

A

Streptomycin, Gentamycin, Amikacin, Kanamycin, Tobramycin, Netilmicin

Proteins Synthesis Inhibitor: Irreiversible Binding to 30S subunit, as a result tRNA cannot bind to ribosome - Bactericidal

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

Polymyxin Resistance Mechanism

A

LPS calation with Mg and Ca causes positive charge to trap Polymyxin outside the cell

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18
Q

Tetracycline:

Side effects and Resistance

A

Side effects: Forms a complex in bone with Calcium which colorize enamel

Resistance: Mutation

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19
Q
A
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20
Q

Macrolides:

Examples and Spectrum

A

Erythromycin,Azithromycin,Clarithromycin,Spiramycin

Gram+ Cocci, Legionella, Mycoplasma, Chlamydia Trachomatis

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21
Q

Daptomycin:

Assembly with.. , MOA

A

Binds Calcium to form oligomeric Assemby with Lipid tails pointing inwards.

Loose micelles serve to deliver Daptomycin to the bacterial membrane in Detergent form - Leading to Leakage of Cytosolic Contents

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22
Q

Cephalosporins:

1st Generation - Examples and Targets

A

Cephlexin and Cefazolin

For Gram + Cocci

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23
Q

Rifamycin B (Rifampin):

MOA, Spectrum

A

Inhibition of mRNA Synthesis

Spectrum - Gram+ Cocci and Mycobacteria

(Sketchy mentions some Gram- too…)

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24
Q

Lincosamides (Clindamycin):

Mode of Action, Effect, Antagonism with what drug

A

Binding 50S - Inhibits peptidyl-transferase

Bacterostatic

Antagonistic with Macrolides

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25
26
Metronidazole - Nitroimidazole: Conditions of Effectiveness, MOA, Overall Effect
**Only in Anaerobic Conditions - Reduction to Radicals** MOA - Damage to Nucleic acids synthesis by Radicals Bactericidal
27
28
Chloramphicol, Clindamycin, Macrolides, Sulfonamides, Tetracyclines and Timethoprim are all Bacterio\_\_\_\_\_ antibiotics.
Chloramphicol, Clindamycin, Macrolides, Sulfonamides, Tetracyclines and Timethoprim are all **Bacteriostatic** antibiotics.
29
Peniciliinase (Beta-Lactamase) Resistnat Peniciline : Examples (Aka Very Narrow Spectrum)
**Methicilline** **Nafcillin** **Oxacillin** Cloxacillin
30
31
Monobactam (Aztreonam)
Beta-Lactamase Resistant **ONLY** for Gram- Aerobics like: Neisseria and Pseudomonas
32
Methicillin Side Effects
Haematouria Albuminuria Nephritis
33
Gram Postive Bacteria have natural resistance to \_\_\_\_\_, and Nalidixic acid (Quinalone).
Gram Postive Bacteria have natural resistance to **Polymyxin** and Nalidixic acid (Quinalone).
34
Chloramphenicol: Side Effects, Resistance
Side effect: Bone Marrow Dysfunction, Gray-Syndrome, Aplastic Anemia Resistance: Acetyl-Transferase action
35
Gram Negative Bacteria have natural resistance to Penicillins , \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, Vancomycin and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Gram Negative Bacteria have natural resistance to **Penicillins** , **Macrolides**, **Vancomycin** and **Mupirucin**.
36
37
Penicillin Side Effects
Hypersensitivity I - Allergy Jarish-Herxmeir Reaction IV use - Venous Wall inflammation High doses - Kidney Failure and Seizures
38
Penicillin catagories according to spectrum
Extanded - Carboxypenicillines and Uriedopenicilines Broad - Aminopenicillines Narrow - Penicilin Very Narrow - Methicilline, Nafcilline, Oxacilline
39
Carbapenems (Imipenem,Meropenem)
For Gram+ and Gram- NOT for MRSA But **RESERVED** for **MDR** (Multidrug Resistant) Bacteria
40
Trimethoprim with Sulfamethoxazole: MOA, Overall effect
Inhibition of Tetrahydrofolic Acid Synthesis (So DNA also) by blocking of Dihydrofolate Reductase action Bacteriostatic
41
Fluoroquinolons : MOA, Overall Effect
**Synthesis of DNA - Replication Block** Inhibition of DNA-**gyrase** in Gram **Negative** Inhibition of **Topoisomerases** **type 4** in Gram **Positive** Bactericidal
42
Tetracyclins: Examples, Effect and Mode of Action
Oxy-tetracyclin and Doxacyclin MOA: Bacteriostatic - **binds to 30S subunit: tRNA cannot bind**
43
Example for Antibiotics with Site of action :Inside the cytoplasm and MOA - Inhibition of DNA Replication
Flouroquinalons
44
Cross Resistance
Bacteria is resistant to all Durgs with the same structure
45
Example for Antibiotics with Site of action :Inside the cytoplasm and MOA - Inhibition of RNA Synthesis
Rifampicin
46
MBL Targets Bacteria containing it Genetic Component containing it
Metallo-Beta Lactamases Hydrolyze Carbapenems Gram Negative Transposons
47
Anaerobe bacteria have natural resistance to _________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Anaerobe bacteria have natural resistance to **Aminoglycosides** and **Quinalones**.
48
Polyresistance
The Bacteria is resistant to several drugs with different Structures simultaneously
49
Which molecule is mimicked by penicillin? Why?
D-Ala-D-Ala (crossed linked NAM by transpeptidase forming Peptidoglycan) This is a beta-Lactam ring which is part of peptidoglycan. When penicillin binds the active site (competitive inhibition) and leads to ultimately membrane weakening.
50
Cephalosporins: Structure and Mode of action
**7-Amino-Cephalosporic Acid** Mode of Action: **Like Penicillin**
51
Methicillin is acid _____ while cloxacilline is acid ______ .
Methicillin is acid labile while cloxacilline is acid Resistant.
52
Ciprofloxacin with Tetracycline or Beta-Lactams with Macrolides are examples for ______ releationship between antibiotics.
Ciprofloxacin with Tetracycline or Beta-Lactams with Macrolides are examples for **Antagonistic** releationship between antibiotics.
53
54
What is the MOA of Beta Lactamase Inhibitors?
Contain Beta-Lactam ring therefore interfere with the Beta-Lactamase action - Suicide Inhibitors No anti bacterial Activity
55
Rifamycin side effects
Hepatitis and Orange body fluids
56
Fluroquinonolons side effect
Tendon and cartilage damage
57
58
Examples for Antibiotics with Site of action :Inside the Cytoplasm and MOA - Inhibition of Protein Synthesis
Macrolides Clindamycin Chloramphenicol Tetracyclin Gentamycin
59
Oxazolidinone - Linzolid: Mode of Action, Effect, Spectrum
Spectrum: Gram+ MOA: Binding 50s than not allowing 70S complex formation (N-Formilmethionil-tRNA can not bind) Effect: Bacteriostatic
60
Polymyxin (B): Spectrum, MOA and Example
Gram-, Bactericidal Binds Membrane Phospholipids and Inhibits membrane transport Colistin
61
Bacitracin: Spectrum, Structure, Target
Broad: **Gram+ and Gram-** **Complex Polypeptide** Inhibitor of Peptidoglycan Synthesis - **NO Translocation** of Precursor across membrane
62
What is the way to determine quantitively if the Bacteria has Resistance?
MIC is Larger than the Dosis Maxima Tolerate
63
Examples for Antibiotics with Site of action :Outside of cytoplasm and MOA - Cell wall Synthesis damage
Beta Lactams - Penicilins and Cephlosporins Vancomycin
64
Aerobe bacteria have natural resistance to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Aerobe bacteria have natural resistance to **Metronidazole.**
65
Combination of Vancomycin and Aminoglycosides in treatment could lead to -
Kidney failure
66
Beta-Lactams, Isoniazid, Metronidazole, Ploymyxin, Rifampin, Vancomycin, Aminoglycosides, Bacitracin and Quinalones are all Bacterio\_\_\_\_\_ antibiotics.
Beta-Lactams, Isoniazid, Metronidazole, Ploymyxin, Rifampin, Vancomycin, Aminoglycosides, Bacitracin and Quinalones are all **Bacteriocidal** antibiotics.
67
Streptoccoci and Enterococci are both with natural resistance to ________ but only enterococci are naturally resistant to ________ .
Streptoccoci and Enterococci are both with natural resistance to **Aminoglycosides** but only enterococci are naturally resistant to **Cephalosporins**.
68
Mupirocin Mode of Action, Effect , Resistance
MOA : Isoleusil-tRNA Synthase INHIBITION Bactericidal Resistance - Modification of traget enzymes
69
Example for Antibiotics with Site of action :Cytoplasm membrane and MOA - Altering the ion Permiability
Polymyxin
70
Resistance to Daptomycin: Cause, VISA
Mutations in genes that encode enzymes involved in the synthesis of Phosphatydilaglycerol (therfore mem. Phospholipids). VISA - Vancomycin-Intermediate Staph. Aureus; Impaired access through the thickened cell wall.
71
What are the Beta Lactamase inhibitors possible to give with Penicilline for Enhanced effect?
**Clavulanic Acid** **Sulbactam** **Tazobactam**
72
(P-Amino-Benzol-) Sulfonamides: MOA, Antagonism, Overall Effect
MOA - Inhibition of Folic Acid Synthesis (So DNA also) Antagonist of PABA Bacteriostatic
73
Nystatin: Spectrum, MOA, Adminstration method
Narrow - Antifungal Binds to Steroid of Membrane and cause Disintegration Too Toxic - Local Adminstration
74
Uriedopenicillin:
Penicillin with extended spectrum : **Gram+ and Gram-** Effective against -Pseudomonas (Pepper in the picture with Pseudomona) **Beta lactamase Sensitive**
75
Glycopeptides: Spectrum
Narrow Gram+ Bactericidal
76
Cephalosporins: 4th Generation - Examples and Targets
Cefepime For Gram+ and Gram-
77
Glycopeptides: Mode of Action and Resistnace
**Inhibition of Cell wall Synthesis** Bind Terminal Sequence **D-Ala-D-Ala** and **Block Crosslinkage** with **Pentaglycin Bridge** Resistance - Bacteria Modifies Terminal Sequence to - **D-Ala-D-Lactate**
78
Side effects of Polymyxin
Nephrotoxicity
79
Carboxypenicilines:
Penicillin with extended spectrum : **Gram+ and Gram-** Effective against - Proteus and Pseudomonas (Ticarcillin in the picture looking at Pseuodomona) **Beta lactamase Sensitive**
80
Fosfomycin - Monoural: Spectrum, Target, Structural Similarity
**Broad** Spectrum Against **UTIs**, Inhibits very early stage **Synthesis of Peptidoglycan** Structural Similarity to **PEP**: Phosphoenolpyruvate
81
Cephalosporins: Mechanism of Resistance to it and Spectrum
**Harder time to Penetrate** and **Lack of binding Protein** unlike Penicilline. Broken Down by **Beta-Lactamase** **Spectrum - Broad, Bactericidal**
82
Macrolides: Effect, Modes of Action and Resistance
MOA :Binds **50S** subunit - : **Prevent the movement of mRNA** Bacteriostatic Resistance :Target Modification and Efflux Pump
83
**Trimethoprim with Sulfamethoxazole**: Resistance and Side effects
Resistance mechanism: **Altered enzyme**- dihydropteric acid synthetase Toxicity: Thrombocytopenia, Leucopenia and **Hyperkalemia**
84
Gentamicin and Penicillin interaction is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Gentamicin and Penicillin interaction is Synergistic

S.N Microbiology (16 decks)

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